Suchergebnisse

Two major events in the beginning of 21st century, that brought about change in the global structure and later played a fast-track role in reshaping the global order are: 9/11 attacks on the US, and China's accession to World Trade Organization. The first event antagonized USA and triggered war on terror. USA along with its allies led the war on perceived terrorists while Afghanistan became the host of war (Thimm 2018). The second event opened the world doors for China integrating the country into global system and paving the way for its rise (Li & Tu 2018). These events were followed by 2007-08 financial crisis that had also jolted the global economic order, but soon the economies came back on track with varying degrees. Financial crisis also introduced some new players (China, India, Turkey, South Africa among others) on global stage (Woods 2010). Now, the outbreak of COVID-19 across the world has exposed the weaknesses of global governance structure on the one hand and on the other selfishness behind the slogan of solidary and human rights. At this point of time, the US, which used to be a generous global partner, is giving no heed to the needs of world community, and is following the strategy of 'America First' (Clausing 2020). The EU did not help Italy in such testing times, and even France and Germany put conditionalities on the export of medical supplies and products. All these events created a web (Fig-1) which has grappled the world and accelerated the process of change. In addition, a good number of other issues continued to haunt the world and accelerated the process of change. The world has failed to achieve Millennium Development Goals; WTO negotiations are stand still; the champions of global order are backtracking; and forums like the EU are under threat of survival. Climate change is another global phenomenon, which is causing resources constraint. It has turned to be an existential threat to planet earth and human beings (Cherkaoui 2020). These events are heralding a new wave of globalization. Since, globalization is regarded as an inevitable economic, social and cultural trend of the previous century, however, there is no clear picture available which can suggest the structure of future global order (Allen-Handy et al. 2020). There is a huge research gap to identify the future dimensions and roles of players. This policy review aims to contribute to bridge the gap and analyze the process of change, actors of change, and new global order.

The diverse reason of Political failure in the World that has been pointed out by the Researchers. The reason is to find out the root cause of its failure by the compound theories of Political Psychology , Political Socialization, Political Idealism and Political Attitude ;however my research paper will project Politics among students by working out in context of producing intellect Leadership, Political Idealism , Political Vision, Formation of Policy with its effective Presentation ,Political Research with Pragmatics ,Students relentless Revolutions, Emergence pattern of Political Leadership and Political Attitude systematically . The research paper brings out the impact version of findings with Political Literate Leadership for the development of the State. The analytical and Descriptive method, is being focused for the easiness of readers of Politics so as to emphasize the new political Dimension.

The purpose of this study is to assess the COVID 19 pandemic by assessing its impact on Pakistan's macroeconomic and microeconomic impacts in emergency and panic environments. Over 190 countries around the world have been affected by COVID 19, and the pandemic virus is disrupting the economic system. In addition to this study, case studies were conducted specifically in developing countries and Pakistan. These data are collected from the official website of the Government of Pakistan and published by PIDE (Pakistan Institute for Development Economics) and Ministry of Health. This study covers the impact of COVID 19 on macroeconomic and microeconomic levels of Pakistan's view. The results show that GDP declines and poor health systems are shocking, with 0.75% health care and 0.6 hospital beds (per 1,000 people). It is the sixth most populous nation in the world, with poor literacy, exponential growth, and behaviour.

Health equity is of particular concern in the Indian context in the light of widening economic inequality and healthcare reforms which have wider ramifications on healthcare access. Despite various programs and interventions, a wide gap in health condition is observed in society among different castes, groups and income-classes. In this article, the inequality in healthcare access is studied at the cross-section of gender (man and women) and social groups—Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribe (SC-ST), Other backward classes (OBC) and Others—and an attempt has been made to explore how much the women from SC-ST community are deprived of healthcare access in comparison to other gender-group intersections. To proceed with analysis, data on 'National Sample Survey (NSS), 75th Round (2017–2018) on Health Consumptions' are taken. Analyses are carried on in SPSS Ver.18 and Stata-16. Regression Analysis shows that women from SC-ST are 1.37 times more likely to non-access to healthcare services than men from the general category. Further, to measure the intensity of inequality in healthcare access, Wagstaff's Concentration Index (CI) is calculated at –0.195 that shows income-related inequality highly persists among the poor. At last, the decomposition analysis of CI reveals that gender, income and social groups are some of the major contributory factors to CI, that is, health inequality. The results indicate despite the mandate of universal healthcare access, India is lagging in achieving equity in healthcare as the poor and marginalized are deprived of it.

Objective: To document the demographics and treatment outcome of Paediatric Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) at a tertiary care facility of Pakistan. Methods: The prospective descriptive study conducted at the Paediatric Oncology department, Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Rawalpindi, Pakistan. All newly registered cases of AML under eighteen years of age from 1st January 2012 onwards who completed their treatment before 30th September 2018 were included. Results: Data of 187 cases of De novo AML, including 117 (62.6 %) males and 70 (37.4 %) females was analysed. The mean age was 6.1 ? 3.53 years. The most common presenting features were pallor 156 (83.4%), fever 143 (76.5%) & bruising/bleeding 95 (50.8 %). Sixty-six (35.3 %) patients had WBC >50x109/L at presentation. The most common FAB subtype was M-2 in 85 (45.5 %), followed by M-4 in 25 (13.4 %) cases. The overall treatment related mortality (TRM) was 55/187 (29.4%). The major causes of TRM were neutropenic sepsis and bleeding. Sixty patients had refractory or relapsed disease and 53 (88.3%) of them also died. Total 121 patients completed full treatment. OS and DFS of these 121 patients were 65.3 % and 59.5% respectively. Conclusions: This is the largest study of Paediatric AML from Pakistan. High TRM, primarily during induction chemotherapy and relapsed/refractory disease are the major causes of treatment failure. AML-M2 has the best survival rates. Malnutrition, high WBC counts at presentation and unfavourable cytogenetics have decreased OS and DFS rates. Use of Etoposide during induction chemotherapy does not give any survival advantage.

Swat and Dir valleys in Pakistan have seen the brunt of post 9/11 violent extremism in the recent past. Because this extremism was generated and exploited by a few religiously motivated violent organizations, a popular perception emerged that all religious leaders of the society were involved in terrorism. Therefore, this research focuses on the role played by those religious leaders who involved themselves in mobilizing local communities against violent extremism. Employing a mixed-method research approach and sequential analysis strategy our data shows that most of the common local religious leaders played positive role in building community resilience to countering violent extremism during the early phase of the War on Terrorism in these two valleys.

This study postulates that propose global proxy index is a significant conduit to evaluate the shocks in volatile stock markets i.e. PSX and SSE, alike. The two separate models i.e. Log-GARCH (1, 1) and ARMA-GARCH (1, 1) have been used along with the value at risk (V-a-R) @ 5% criteria for choosing best-fitted model. The study results showed Log-GARCH (1, 1) model proves to the best. This study results are not driven by political-level risks and thus independent study can be conducted to evaluate the detrimental consequences on investment opportunities under volatile environments.

The bilateral relationship between Pakistan and Russia since 1947 has experienced many ups and downs. Several factors that directly or indirectly influence the nature and direction of bilateral relations between these two countries are the United States, India, and Afghanistan, etc. After many years of stagnation, there have been clear positive prospects for the development of bilateral and multilateral relations between Pakistan and Russia since September 11, 2001. Pakistan's decision of joining the war against terror and efforts for peace and stability in the region has substantially changed Russian's perceptions of Pakistan's role. The CPEC and Russian's growing interest in trade and investment relations with Pakistan also provide opportunities for close interaction between these two countries. In the new international setup, the platform of SCO has provided an opportunity for improving the bilateral relations between Pakistan and Russia on certain issues of common interests including trade cooperation, countering terrorism, drug trafficking, and regional stability, etc. In the post-9/11, the bilateral relations- cooperation in various fields of mutual interest between Pakistan and Russia have been examined in this article. Keywords: Pakistan, Russia, Bilateral Cooperation, CPEC, Regional Peace

The current study examines macro-economic and bank specific determinants of non-performing loans (NPLs) for commercial banks from 2008-2018. The Pakistani banking sector has observed a significant increase in NPLs. In addition, the current study is undertaken to fill this gap in the literature as most of the prior studies focus on the developed markets. In the current study, we prefer the system GMM estimator. Its reliability depends on the validity of the instruments. To testing the second-order serial correlation, we apply the J test for testing the validity of the instruments and the Arellano-Bond AR (2) test. Using dynamic-GMM estimations, we find that credit growth, net interest margin, loan loss provision, and bank diversification significantly increase NPLs, while operating efficiency, bank size, and ROA lower NPLs. In addition, higher interest rates, exchange rates, and political risk significantly increase NPLs, while GDP growth decreases NPLs. This paper provides a timely insight to management and policy makers about the determinants of NPLs. The findings help management to take corrective actions and policy makers may take into consideration the significance of macro-economic conditions while formulating policy regarding NPLs. Likewise, the study provides insight to potential investors to consider the findings while selecting better investment opportunity. The current study is the first of its kind focusing on the link among bank specific, macroeconomic variables, and non-performing loans within the specific context of an emerging economy, Pakistan.

This paper examines the relationship between corporate governance, financial reporting quality, and investment efficiency using data from 207 non-financial firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) for a period of 9 years from 2008 to 2016. Since the Pakistan Corporate Governance Code was revised in 2012, therefore consistent with previous studies, the effect of the promulgation of the new corporate governance code on financial reporting quality is also analyzed. Thus, using the GMM model, the results of the study show that the Corporate Governance Code 2012 improves the quality of financial reporting. Owners of family firms confiscate the wealth of minority shareholders by deteriorating the quality of financial reports. Independent directors of the board and independent directors of the audit committee effectively monitor the financial reporting process. Family ownership, board independence and audit committee independence interact with the code in affecting financial reporting quality and substitute or complement each other. Inefficient investments decrease financial reporting quality. Furthermore, the new governance code has an incremental effect on the relationship between investment inefficiency and financial reporting quality.