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This research work was undertaken to construct and validate an instrument to measure the scientific attitude of the secondary school students, and to compare the attitude gain through the use of Meaningful learning Model of David Ausubel and traditional method of teaching physics. The research work was carried out for 35 weeks in the physical science classroom and laboratory of Government Comprehensive High School, Jhelum. The data revealed that there is a gain in the affective domain (scientific attitude) of the students in favour of Meaningful learning model. The meaningful learning model allowed the development of attitudes held by pupils simultaneously at various stages of education. These attitudes can be compared at the different stages and can be correlated with their achievement in physics in future studies.Â

This book provides a unique blend of social and biomedical sciences in the field of low fertility and reproductive health. It offers a significant contribution to understanding the determinants of low fertility mostly in East Asia, including an assessment of the effectiveness of policies that aim to raise fertility. It introduces new analytical tools and methods, and shares application of innovative approaches to analyzing cross-sectional and longitudinal survey data and macro socioeconomic data to shed light on changing mechanisms of low fertility in the context of reproductive health. The volume introduces the demographic dividend into the study of fertility, analyzes possible impact of population ageing on the amount of resources allocated to child rearing, i.e. the so called "crowding-out effect" in social care and public spending between the elderly and children. The book also tests the Low Fertility Trap (LFT) hypothesis, a new important theory regarding fertility trends. The book focuses on East Asia which is numerically large but relatively under-researched with regard to issues covered in various chapters. The relevance of the volume, however, goes beyond countries in East Asia. The book breaks new grounds and reveals little known facts regarding the influence of endocrine disruptors on male fertility through falling sperm counts, the phenomenon of marital sexlessness and the sexual behavior of adolescents in East Asia

This article provides programmatic guidance and identifies future research priorities through a review of interventions to improve postpartum contraception. Thirty‐five interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries were identified and classified according to timing and nature of administration: antenatal, postnatal, both ante‐ and postnatal, and integration with other services. With the exception of single, short antenatal interventions, the evidence of impact is positive but incomplete. A major gap in knowledge concerns demand for, and means of promoting, immediate postpartum family planning services in Asia and Africa. Counseling before discharge is likely to have an impact on subsequent contraceptive uptake. Integration of family planning into immunization and pediatric services is justified, but policy and program obstacles remain. A case for relaxing the strict conditions of the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) is strong, but qualitative evidence on the perspectives of women on pregnancy risks is required. Despite the gaps in knowledge, the evidence provides useful guidance for strategies to promote postpartum family planning, in ways that take different contexts into account.

Contraception following delivery or an induced abortion reduces the risk of an early unintended pregnancy and its associated adverse health consequences. Unmet need for contraception during the postpartum period and contraceptive counseling and services following abortion have been the focus of efforts for the last several decades. This article provides an introduction to the more focused contributions that follow in this special issue. We discuss the validity and measurement of the concept of unmet need for family planning during the postpartum period. We then present key findings on postpartum contraceptive protection, use dynamics, and method mix, followed by an assessment of interventions to improve postpartum family planning. The evidence on postabortion contraceptive uptake and continuation of use remains thin, although encouraging results are noted for implementation of comprehensive abortion care and for the impact of post‐abortion contraceptive counseling and services. Drawing on these studies, we outline policy and program implications for improving postpartum and post‐abortion contraceptive use.

Unmet need for contraception has been a central indicator for monitoring the progress of family planning programs for 25 years. The purpose of this article is to provide a broad context for the more focused contributions that follow in this special issue. The validity and measurement of the concept of unmet need are discussed. We then present regional trends among married women since 1970. Major reductions in unmet need have been achieved, with the clear exception of sub‐Saharan Africa. Less success can be claimed in addressing the needs of sexually active unmarried women, who contribute nearly 20 percent to overall unmet need in developing countries. Prominent reasons for unmet need in settings where contraceptive uptake is low include social resistance and insufficient information concerning methods. As contraceptive use increases, the importance of these reasons wanes, but concerns regarding side effects and health impact remain a barrier, and discontinued users now constitute a large proportion of those with unmet need. Drawing on these reasons, we outline measures to further reduce unmet need.

Non-consensual sexual experiences of young people in developing countries : an overview / Shireen J. Jejeebhoy and Sarah Bott -- Sexual violence against women and girls : recent findings from Latin America and the Caribbean / Mary C. Ellsberg -- Young women's experiences of forced sex within marriage : evidence from India / K.G. Santhya and Shireen J. Jejeebhoy -- Sexual coercion among ever-partnered women in Thailand / Wassana Im-Em, Churnrurtai Kanchanachitra and Kritaya Archavanitkul -- Non-consensual sex among South African youth : prevalence of coerced sex and discourses of control and desire / Rachel Jewkes -- Attitudes, norms and experiences of sexual coercion among young people in Ibadan, Nigeria / Ademola J. Ajuwon -- Investigating exchange in sexual relationships in sub-Saharan Africa using survey data / Nancy Luke -- Assessing young people's non-consensual sexual experiences : lessons from Peru / Carlos F. Cáceres -- Non-consensual sexual experiences of young people in Kenya : boys as perpetrators and victims / Carolyne Njue, Ian Askew and Jane Chege -- Youth gang rape in Phnom Penh / David John Wilkinson, Luke Samuel Bearup and Tong Soprach -- Childhood and adolescent sexual abuse and incest : experiences of women survivors in India / Anuja Gupta and Ashwini Ailawadi -- Coerced first interourse and reproductive health among adolescent women in Rakai, Uganda / Michael A. Koenig [and others] -- Coercive sex and psycho-social outcomes in adolescents : exploring the role of parental relationships / Vikram Patel and Gracy Andrew -- The vulnerability of adolescence : legal responses to non-consensual sexual experiences of young persons in India / Indira Jaising -- Synchronizing traditional legal responses to non-consensual sexual experiences with contemporary human rights jurisprudence / Charles Ngwena -- Developing opportunities within the education sector to prevent non-consensual sexual experiences : an emerging issue for human rights, public health and education development goals / Judith Mirsky -- The health service response to sexual violence : lessons from IPPF/WHR member associations in Latin America / Sarah Bott, Alessandra C. Guedes and Ana Guezmes -- Non-consensual adolescent sexual experiences : policy implications / Alan J. Flisher -- Pitfalls in the study of sexual coercion : what are we measuring and why? / Cicely Marston -- Research designs for investigating non-consensual sexual experiences among young people / Phiip Guest -- Obtaining accurate responses to sensitive questions among Thai students : a comparison of two data collection techniques / Patchara Rumakom [and others] -- Ethical issues in research on sexual coercion among youth / John W. Townsend -- Non-consensual sex and young people : looking ahead / Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, Iqbal H. Shah and Shyam Thapa.

SummaryA survey conducted in 1975, as part of the World Fertility Survey programme, provided evidence that fertility began to decline in Pakistan during the early 1970s. Because of the low level of contraceptive use recorded in that survey, the fertility decline was attributed to delayed marriage. However, a second and similar survey conducted approximately 5 years later showed almost exactly the same pattern of very recent decline, and indeed a reduction in contraceptive use. The two surveys disagreed for the period of overlap. It is concluded that there were essentially no changes in fertility during the decade, and that it remained at pre-1970 levels.

AbstractAn intervention aimed at institutionalizing postpartum intrauterine device (PPIUD) services was introduced in Nepal between 2015 and 2019. The intervention was evaluated using a cluster‐randomized stepped‐wedge trial, with data on women being collected immediately after delivery and at one‐ and two‐year postpartum follow‐ups. The sample consists of 19,155 women. We used intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis and structural equation model (SEM) to investigate how the intervention affected the occurrence of a new pregnancy (incident pregnancy). The ITT analysis showed that women in the intervention group had a reduced probability, –0.7 percentage points (95 percent CI: –3.0, 1.4), of having an incident pregnancy compared to women in the control group. The SEM analysis showed that the intervention increased the probability of receiving antenatal family planning counseling and PPIUD‐specific counseling by 22.2 percentage points (95 percent CI: 20.0, 24.4) and 26.5 percentage points (95 percent CI: 24.8, 28.3), respectively. The intervention had an unintended spillover effect, increasing the probability of receiving postnatal family planning counseling by 11.4 percentage points (95 percent CI: 7.3, 15.5). In the SEM, we find the expected impact of the intervention on increased counseling and induced effects on contraceptive method initiation, lowering the probability of an incident pregnancy by 0.3 percentage points (95 percent CI: –0.5, –0.1).

BACKGROUND: Postpartum intrauterine device (PPIUD) use remains very low in Nepal despite high levels of unmet need for postpartum family planning and the national government's efforts to promote its use. This study investigates reasons for continuing or discontinuing PPIUD use among Nepali women. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews (IDIs) with 13 women who had discontinued PPIUD use and 12 women who were continuing to use the method 9 months or longer following the insertion. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, translated into English, and analyzed using a thematic approach. RESULTS: Women discontinued PPIUD for several reasons: 1) side effects such as excessive bleeding during menstruation, nausea, back and abdominal pain; 2) poor quality of counselling and, relatedly, mismatched expectations in terms of device use; and 3) lack of family support from husbands and in-laws. In contrast, women who were continuing to use the method at the time of the study stated that they had not experienced side-effects, had received appropriate information during counselling sessions, and had the backing of their family members in terms of using PPIUD. CONCLUSION: Experiencing side-effects or complications following PPIUD insertion and poor quality of family planning counselling were the two main reasons for discontinuation. Family members appeared to play a major role in influencing a woman's decision to continue or discontinue PPIUD suggesting that counseling may need to be expanded to them as well. Improving quality of counselling by providing complete and balanced information of family planning methods as well as ensuring sufficient time for counselling and extending PPIUD service availability at lower level clinics/health posts will potentially increase the uptake and continued use of postpartum family planning, including PPIUD, in Nepal.