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The world's 2.5 billion poorest people - small farmers living at the far fringe of the developing world – and their billion or so slightly better off neighbors burn 10.5 billion metric tonnes (tonnes) of crop waste annually. Smoke from their fires reddens the sun, closes airports, shuts schools and governments – and kills millions of people (World Health Organization (WHO). who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1). Their fires release 16.6 billion tonnes of CO(2), and emit 9.8 billion tonnes CO(2)e, 1.1 billion tonnes of smog precursors and 66 million tonnes of PM2.5. (Akagi et al., Atmospheric Chem Physics 4039-4071, 2011; Environmental Protection Agency, epa.gov/ghgemissions/understanding-global-warming-potentials; Food and Agriculture Organization, FAOSTAT, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data) [See Attachments 1–3. For details of the Attachments, please see the section below entitled "Availability of data and materials."]. No one yet has stopped the burning. Seminars, health warnings, bans, threats, jailings, shootings – nothing has worked, because not one has offered farmers a better alternative. This is the story of how Warm Heart, a small, community development NGO, learned enough about small farmers' plight to collaborate with them to develop the technology, training and social organization to mobilize villages to form biochar social enterprises. These make it profitable for farmers to convert crop waste into biochar, reducing CO(2)e, smog precursor and PM2.5 emissions, improving health and generating new local income – in short, to address the big three SDGs (1, 2 and 3) from the bottom. Warm Heart, however, wanted more; it wanted a system so appealing that it would spread by imitation and not require outside intervention. Based on what it has learned, Warm Heart wants to teach others that the knowledge to stop the smoke and improve the quality of one's life does not require outside experts and lots of money. It wants to teach that anyone can learn to create a more sustainable world by themselves. ...

Nationalization of the Zairian and Zambian copper industries failed to deliver the hoped for benefits and pushed some still further beyond reach. It did so because nationalization entailed the loss of insulation, that is, the wide range of unperceived risk management and custodial functions fulfilled by the multinational mining corporations. Without this insulation these two governments, their copper industries, and their citizens' welfare all suffered. Looking beyond Zaire and Zambia, it appears that the loss of insulation has negative effects in all cases of mining industry nationalization. The size of the costs are mitigated by the strength of the nationalizer's political system.

Summary The purpose of this study is to explore implementation challenges behavioral health agencies have faced in moving toward new models of care coordination which have been mandated by health care policy. Specifically, this study looks at six behavioral health agencies in a rural region of a southwestern state. Three agencies had adopted a colocated model of care coordination which involved partnering with a local Federally Qualified Health Center to provide primary care services at the behavioral health agency facilities. Three other agencies included in the study had adopted a fully integrated model of care coordination which involved hiring their own practitioners to provide primary care services at their facilities. Findings Results from this qualitative study identified seven areas of implementation challenges experienced by agencies including financial mechanisms, regulation, electronic health records, role clarification, information sharing, medical provider stigma, and staff training on coordinated care. Some of the most common challenges for all agencies regardless of the model being implemented were funding mechanisms, information sharing, and regulation. Application Findings from this study indicate that although health care policy has moved toward a more progressive form of health care, challenges still remain that threaten the sustainability of such care. Improvements at the policy level are needed to reform payment mechanisms and regulatory burden, in addition to making improvements at the local level to train practitioners.

Substance abuse is increasingly common in prison inmates. This article presents findings on substance abuse and service needs of male and female inmate parents in Arizona, with a particular focus on gender and ethnic differences across inmates. A sample of 838 incarcerated fathers and 1,441 mothers completed anonymous questionnaires regarding traumatic and stressful events experienced as children and/or adults, including addiction. Exposure to childhood and adult traumatic events, especially child abuse, was related to self-reported alcohol and drug problems for both males and females. Mothers reported significantly more postrelease service needs than fathers. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.

Supported employment for persons with developmental and other severe disabilities has moved rapidly from university-based demonstration projects to the development of comprehensive statewide services delivery systems. This article reports the results of a survey of 27 states that received major systems change grants from the Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) to convert traditional day activity programs to supported employment. The results indicate that although mechanisms have been developed to establish a large number of supported employment programs, states are taking a very cautious approach toward converting existing segregated employment settings, funding for ongoing support services is often unavailable, and specific procedures for including individuals with the most severe disabilities are poorly defined. Expenditures for supported employment have risen dramatically. During Fiscal Years 86–88, RSA expenditures approached $75 million, obligations from mental health and mental retardation agencies have increased 460%, and collectively over $214 million has been obligated by federal and state agencies for supported employment.