Suchergebnisse

Although China oriented academic interest in Turkey began in 1930s with the aim of learning Turks' past from Chinese sources, this interest was limited to a smaller community of scholars consisting of sinologists and historians up to the 1990s. The paper deals with the evaluation of Turkish academic literature on China and tries to reveal the topography of China oriented academic works with some insight into academic community. First, it briefly reviews the Sino-Turkish relations and recent developments of China studies in Turkey. Thereafter, findings of the survey based on the examination of master and PhD theses in the field of social sciences in Turkey are discussed.
It shows a positive correlation between quantitative growth of theses and diversification of research areas and the post 1980 transformation process of China in one hand, and the growth of Turkey-China relations in the other. Moreover, the academic motives and aims have changed compared to those of the early period. The researchers are now more oriented to China's present and future than its past and they tend to understand and explain China's rising, its future and its influence on Turkey's economy with a more pragmatic approach.

Résumé Dans cet article, nous examinons les réformes administratives en Turquie et mettons en évidence leurs facteurs et leurs conséquences nationaux et internationaux. Je commencerai par passer brièvement en revue les réformes administratives fondamentales mises en œuvre au début de la période républicaine et durant les périodes ultérieures. J'analyserai ensuite ce que disent certains partisans des réformes et leurs résultats. Nous examinerons ensuite les acteurs nationaux ou internationaux à la tête des réformes en cours et leur influence relative. Nous soutenons dans cet article que les réformes administratives en Turquie sont un bon exemple de transfert de politiques, ses politiques de réforme étant essentiellement encouragées par des acteurs externes, comme l'UE, le FMI et la Banque mondiale. Il ne faut cependant pas négliger le rôle de certains acteurs internes, comme les gouvernements, les cercles d'affaires et les organisations non gouvernementales (ONG). L'on peut par ailleurs affirmer que le processus de réforme est influencé dans une large mesure par les conflits d'intérêts entre les acteurs internes. Même si l'on peut considérer le cas turc comme un bon exemple de transfert du nouveau management public (NMP) en termes de réglementation officielle, une analyse approfondie de ses résultats et autres difficultés montre qu'il est temps de remplacer l'approche universelle par une approche adaptée à chaque cas. Remarques à l'intention des praticiens Dans la mesure où toute tentative de réforme se fonde avant tout sur des motivations politiques, la réforme administrative ne peut être considérée comme un processus exclusivement technique ou opérationnel. Par conséquent, il influence non seulement, directement ou indirectement, tous les aspects de la vie sociale, mais aussi le passé historique, économique et culturel du pays concerné. Les praticiens doivent en être conscients et prendre en considération un ensemble de facteurs sociétaux à côté des techniques purement administratives s'ils veulent éviter l'échec et réaliser l'efficience.

This article examines administrative reforms in Turkey, highlighting its domestic and international explanations and outcomes. First, it briefly reviews the fundamental administrative reforms implemented in the early republican and following periods. Thereafter, some proponents of reforms and their outcomes are analysed with influencing actors. Then, the national or international actors that influenced current reforms and their relative impacts are discussed. The article argues that administrative reforms in Turkey are an appropriate example of policy transfer because reform policies are mainly encouraged by external actors such as the EU, the IMF, and the World Bank. However, the role of internal actors such as governments, business circles and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should not be ignored. Moreover, it can be asserted that the reform process is significantly affected by conflicts of interest among internal actors. Although the Turkish case could be considered an appropriate transfer practice of new public management (NPM) in terms of formal regulations, a thorough examination of their outcomes and challenges reveals that it is time to substitute the 'one-size-fits-all' approach with 'different sizes for everyone'. Points for practitioners Because every reform attempt derives mainly from political motives, administrative reform cannot be considered a solely technical or operational process. Hence, it not only directly or indirectly has an impact on all aspects of social life, but it is also affected by the historical, political, economic and cultural past of the relevant country. Practitioners should be aware of this and should take into consideration a set of societal factors apart from the purely administrative techniques, if they want to avoid failure, and to achieve efficiency.

AbstractThis article examines the autonomy of independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) in Turkey. It explores, first, the different factors that have led to the creation of IRAs and second, the legislative basis of their formal or de jure autonomy. Thereafter, the article assesses the extent to which this formal autonomy is really put in practice and how it is perceived by board members. The enquiry was conducted through a survey comprising interviews and a questionnaire applied to the same. It concludes that although formal autonomy is satisfactorily provided for by law, government tends to limit this autonomy through secondary legislation. Consequently, there are some constraints on the actual use of autonomy. Concerning de facto autonomy, survey findings show that boards are exposed to external and internal pressures and interference in their deliberations. Thus, the assumption that 'the greater the autonomy the more efficient the management' is questioned. The main sources of pressure on board members are from the regulated sectors themselves. These findings have an important bearing on democracy and the political–administrative interface, as it is confronted by market forces. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.