Pengaturan kuota perempuan diparlemen mempunyai sejarah Panjang, dengan kata lain banyak dinamika mengenai perkembangan kuota perempuan untuk masuk ke parlemen dari rezim orde baru sampai dengan pasca reformasi mempunyai perbedaan pengaturan terkait dengan pengaturan yang mendorong perempuan masuk ke parlemen. Perempuan didorong untuk masuk ke parlemen melalui jalur pemilihan dimana penyelenggara pemilu memberikan syarat khsusu bagi peserta pemilu dalam memilih calon legislatifnya harus memenuhin kuota perempuan
AbstrakPerkembangan pesat perekonomian Cina khususnya dalam dua dekade terakhir mendorong tingginya ketergantungan Cina akan impor minyak bumi melebihi kapasitas produksi domestiknya. Cina untuk pertama kalinya melewati Amerika Serikat sebagai importir minyak terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2015 dengan kawasan Afrika khususnya negara-negara 'bermasalah' seperti Sudan menjadi tujuannya. Investasi berbasis minyak Cina di Sudan kemudian menjadi perhatian dunia internasional karena kebijakan non-interferensi Cina dianggap tidak memedulikan permasalahan domestik Sudan. Penelitian ini berupaya untuk menjelaskan bagaimana investasi berbasis minyak Cina di Sudan dengan fokus analisis terhadap interaksi strategis antar negara yaitu Cina dengan Sudan yang dilanda konflik dengan menggunakan tiga variabel analisis yaitu kepentingan negara, spesifikasi setting strategis, dan perhatian terhadap faktor ketidakpastian. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan bahwa kebutuhan minyak sebagai penggerak pertumbuhan ekonomi Cina merupakan kepentingan krusial sehingga menjadi prioritas yang dijalankan oleh SOEs Cina sebagai instrumen strategis berdasarkan kebijakan "China First" yang permisif terhadap isu domestik. Kata Kunci: investasi minyak; politik luar negeri cina; konflik sudan; ekonomi politik internasionalAbstract The rapid economic development of PRC especially during the last two decades has prompted its dependence on oil imports exceeding its domestic production. China for the first time exceeded US as the biggest oil importer in 2015 with Africa particularly 'troubled' countries such as Sudan as its destination. China's oil-based investment in Sudan later becomes international concern since China's non-interference policy was perceived as ignoring Sudan's domestic problems. This research attempts to explain China's oil-based investment in Sudan with focus of analysis on China's strategic interaction with conflict-troubled Sudan using three analytical variables: the identification of state interest, the specification of strategic setting, and the attention to the role of uncertainty. Analysis result shows that China's need for oil to secure its economic growth is China's vital interest as being prioritized by its SOEs as China's strategic instrument based on 'China First' policy that is permissive towards Sudan's domestic issue.Keywords: oil investment; china's foreign policy; sudan conflict; IPE
This article explores the affirmative action related to women's political participation in the village's decision-making process that results in village regulations. This article uses a law-based approach, it will also demonstrate the contrasting implications between affirmative action on the village legislative system and the regional parliamentary system (city, province, and state). The decision-making process in the village differs from the conventional Parliament, where the implications of the affirmative action of village law differ from the parliamentary system. This is due to the existence of the village deliberation where a group of women is mandated to be directly involved in direct deliberation. This feature facilitates bottom-up politics for gender equality and advocacy of women's rights in decision-making where female and group representatives can work shoulder-to-shoulder and safeguard one another on the agenda of Women's empowerment and gender equality. This is a unique advantage that does not exist in parliamentary politics because the quota system does not guarantee the representation of women ideologically in line with the interests of women they represent.
The research was motivated by the low learning outcomes of students, where as many as 57% of thirty students still needed to achieve the minimum completeness criteria (KKM). Moreover, in practice, the assessment of learning outcomes developed by teachers needs to be oriented toward measuring critical thinking skills. This study aims to describe the effectiveness of the Problem-based Learning (PBL) model with the integrated pattern of Science, Technology, and Society (STS) education in fourth-grade elementary school students. In this study, Borg and Gall's development research model was used, a process carried out to produce and test an educational product. The results showed (1) Each statement, both positive and negative statements, obtained an average percentage of 85.4% and was declared good; and (2) the average pretest score was only 32.7 and increased after the PBL-STS model was applied with a posttest score of 83.3. The average n-gain value obtained is 0.75 and is included in the high category. In addition, the significance value (2-tailed) is 0.00 <0.05, so the application of the PBL-STS model has a significant effect on the achievement of learning objectives (students' critical thinking skills learning outcomes), or is accepted.
Isu limbah elektronik (e-waste), sebagai akibat pesatnya perkembangan teknologi elektronik dan sering melihat produk-produk elektronik dari sisi komersial yang terlepas dari siklus akhirnya, mendorong revolusi keberadaan limbah ini sebagai masalah global karena praktik pembuangan dan penggunaan ulang yang diterapkan seringkali tidak mengindahkan bahaya yang mungkin terjadi. Hal ini terutama menjadi perhatian di dunia bagian selatan karena adanya perspektif umum bahwa polusi dan limbah dipandang sebagai "harga" dari proses pembangunan, serta terkait juga dengan pandangan bahwa pengelolaan limbah elektronik adalah praktik yang mahal, sulit, dan tidak praktis serta asumsi bahwa lingkungan dan masyarakat dapat dipertahankan di masa depan, yang dengan demikian menunda upaya-upaya preventif. Kurangnya kesadaran akan permasalahan e-waste dari perhatian publik menimbulkan ancaman pada dimensi keamanan manusia. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa mencegah limbah elektronik menjadi isu keamanan utama dapat memberikan keuntungan dengan melakukan sekuritisasi masalah ini sebagai ancaman terhadap keamanan manusia. Tulisan ini akan dimulai dengan mengidentifikasi isu global tentang limbah elektronik dan bagaimana hal itu dapat membahayakan kesehatan dan keamanan manusia pada umumnya. Kerangka sekuritisasi kemudian akan diimplementasikan dengan menggunakan konsep komprehensif keamanan manusia dalam menjelaskan fenomena e-waste, karena dapat mengeksplorasi ranah normatif politik dan di sisi lain juga melakukan pendekatan dari berbagai sudut pandang, yang memungkinkan pemahaman dan solusi multidimensional. The issue of electronic waste (e-waste), as an effect of the rapid development of electronic technology and often view products from the commercial side regardless of its end-cycle, evolved its existence as a global problem because of the implemented disposal and reuse practices are often not heeding the dangers that may be resulted. This is especially a concern in the global south due to general perspective that pollution and waste ...
Sumbersari District is a densely populated City District and is the center of education in Jember Regency. At least in Sumbersari District, there are one SMPN, two SMANs and four State Universities. So it is not surprising that the use of land as a regional development in the evacuation of housing development is mostly carried out in the District of Sumbersari, Jember. The use of land in regional development is an option that does not need to be eliminated, but significant solutions must be sought: how to reduce the various impacts that occur as a result of development and how to prevent the environment and natural resources from becoming damaged and depleted (unsustainable) in the programreaching a level growth. Every development carried out in an area must be directed, so that it is balanced, harmonious, efficient, effective, cultured and sustainable in order to improve the welfare of the people with justice. For that, it is necessary to formulate a plan called a spatial plan. Spatial plans that are national in nature, meaning that they "cover the national sector", some only apply to certain regions or regions, such as the General Spatial Plan (RUTR) for special areas, for example the Sumbersari city district. Public policy regarding land cultivation in the regional development sector is needed to assist the area in Sumbersari District to develop land management in regional development in the housingdevelopment sector. The presence of government policies in the form of perda or other policies has a major impact on the implementation of land use in regional development from a housing development perspective.
Mangrove area of Berau District, East Kalimantan Province is an important buffering zone for Derawan Islands. It also becomes a distinctive habitat for commercial fisheries commodity. Land conversion into shrimp ponds has threatened its sustainability. This paper summarizing its ecological condition, fisheries, and management options presents a guideline for the decision makers about what strategies can be applied in conserving the mangrove sustainability. Overall, the ecological condition is proven to support sustainable fisheries practice; such as shrimp and crab silvofisheries. Moreover, the calculation of firewood economic value shows that a sustainable commercial firewood production is another option that can be established to support local economic activities. In addition, a well managing ecotourism may be considered by local government considering its potential for local economic growth.
