Suchergebnisse

Gain-of-function (GOF) research involves experimentation that aims or is expected to (and/or, perhaps, actually does) increase the transmissibility and/or virulence of pathogens. Such research, when conducted by responsible scientists, usually aims to improve understanding of disease causing agents, their interaction with human hosts, and/or their potential to cause pandemics. The ultimate objective of such research is to better inform public health and preparedness efforts and/or development of medical countermeasures. Despite these important potential benefits, GOF research (GOFR) can pose risks regarding biosecurity and biosafety. In 2014 the administration of US President Barack Obama called for a "pause" on funding (and relevant research with existing US Government funding) of GOF experiments involving influenza, SARS, and MERS viruses in particular. With announcement of this pause, the US Government launched a "deliberative process" regarding risks and benefits of GOFR to inform future funding decisions—and the US National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) was tasked with making recommendations to the US Government on this matter. As part of this deliberative process the National Institutes of Health commissioned this Ethical Analysis White Paper, requesting that it provide (1) review and summary of ethical literature on GOFR, (2) identification and analysis of existing ethical and decision-making frameworks relevant to (i) the evaluation of risks and benefits of GOFR, (ii) decision-making about the conduct of GOF studies, and (iii) the development of US policy regarding GOFR (especially with respect to funding of GOFR), and (3) development of an ethical and decision-making framework that may be considered by NSABB when analyzing information provided by GOFR risk-benefit assessment, and when crafting its final recommendations (especially regarding policy decisions about funding of GOFR in particular). The ethical and decision-making framework ultimately developed is based on the idea that ...

This open access book provides an extensive review of ethical and regulatory issues related to human infection challenge studies, with a particular focus on the expansion of this type of research into endemic settings and/or low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Human challenge studies (HCS) involve the intentional infection of research participants, and this type of research is rapidly increasing in frequency worldwide. HCS are widely considered to be an especially promising approach to vaccine development, including for pathogens endemic to LMICs. However, challenge studies are sometimes controversial and raise complex ethical issues, some of which are especially salient in endemic and/or LMIC settings. Informed by qualitative interviews with experts in infectious diseases and bioethics, this book highlights areas of ethical consensus and controversy concerning this kind of research. As the first volume to focus on ethical issues associated with human challenge studies, it sets the agenda for further work in this important area of global health research; contributes to current debates in research ethics; and aims to inform regulatory policy and research practice. Insofar as it focuses on HCS in (endemic) settings where diseases are present and/or widespread, much of the analysis provided here is directly relevant to HCS involving pandemic diseases including COVID19.

Introduction -- Part 1 Theoretical and conceptual approaches to ethics in antimicrobial resistance -- Chapter 1 The practical ethics of antimicrobial resistance as a collective action problem (Julian Savulescu) -- Chapter 2 Collective responsibility for antimicrobial resistance (Angus Dawson) -- Chapter 3 Moral aspects of antimicrobial stewardship (Marcel Verweij) -- Chapter 4 Ethical frameworks for rational antibiotic use (Annette Rid, Jasper Littmann, Alena Buyx) -- Chapter 5 The virtuous physician as antimicrobial prescriber (Justin Oakley) -- Chapter 6 Solidarity and compliance with antimicrobial policy (Søren Holm, Thomas Ploug) -- Chapter 7 Resistance, inequality, and epidemiological transition (Lynette Reid) -- Chapter 8 The price of precaution (Joakim Larsson, Christian Munthe) -- Part 2 Ethics and antimicrobial resistance in context -- Chapter 9 Hospital acquired infection (Lyn Gilbert & Ian Kerridge) -- Chapter 10 Antibiotic use in childhood (Michael Millar) -- Chapter 11 Ethics, animals, public goods (Jonny Anomaly) -- Chapter 12 Malaria (PY Cheah& Mike Parker) -- Chapter 13 Resistant HIV (Bridget Haire) -- Chapter 14 Access & availability of new TB drugs (Diego Silva, Adrian Viens, Jasper Littmann) -- Chapter 15 TB Resistance and Human rights (Leslie London) -- Chapter 16 TB Resistance in developing countries (Richard Coker, Marco Liverani, Mishal Khan) -- Chapter 17 Animal Epidemiology (Lisa Boden & Dominic Mellor) -- Part 3 Ethical, legal and economic aspects of antimicrobial resistance -- Chapter 18 Privacy and data collection(Leslie Francis) -- Chapter 19 Mandatory treatment interventions (Carl Coleman) -- Chapter 20 Ethics and AMR Regulation (Belinda Bennett) -- Chapter 21 Ethics of Drug Development (Nick King) -- Chapter 22 Economics of resistance (Coast/Smith) -- Conclusion.

1. The concept of security / Jonathan Herington -- 2. The value of security : a moderate pluralist perspective / Michael J. Selgelid -- 3. HIV/AIDS, security and ethics / Michael J. Selgelid and Christian Enemark -- 4. Filth and failure : the security politics of cholera / Christian Enemark -- 5. Securitizing epidemics : three lessons from history / Stefan Elbe -- 6. The disappearing act of global health security / Niamh Stephenson -- 7. Extending ethical justification for public health surveillance to situation awareness / Lisa M. Lee -- 8. Electronic surveillance for communicable disease prevention and control : health protection or a threat to privacy and autonomy? / Gwendolyn L. Gilbert -- 9. Ethics of research in epidemic response / Andreas Alois Reis and Ronald Kam Fai Fung -- 10. Media ethics and infectious disease / Claire Hooker, Julie Leask and Catherine King -- 11. Ethics and indigeneity in responding to pandemic influenza : Maori values in New Zealand's emergency planning / Louise Delany -- 12. Governance, rights and pandemics : science, public health or individual rights? / Terry Carney and Belinda Bennett.

Ethics, humanity, techonology

The actual or potential burden of infectious diseases is sometimes so great that governments treat them as threats to national security. However, such treatment potentially increases the risk that emergency disease-control measures will be ineffective, counterproductive and/or unjust. Research on ethical issues associated with infectious disease is a relatively new and rapidly growing area of academic inquiry, as is research on infectious diseases within the field of security studies. This volume incorporates ethical and security perspectives, thus furthering research in both fields. Its uniqu.