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This report sheds light on how, in a high-choice media culture, people rely on a notion of personal relevance to choose what news stories to engage with as they seek to stay informed and to build connections in a democratic as well as personal sense. Based on an innovative qualitative method (Q methodology), it argues that research based on surveys or tracking data is insufficient for understanding how people navigate the news environment and what drives their interests. The key finding is that people find stories relevant that affect their personal lives and help them connect to others, and express substantial civic interest even as some avoid traditional political news. The study also identifies four specific profiles of news interest – people with common news story repertoires. Journalists should not rely only on data like most-read metrics, but follow their instincts and prioritise news stories with civic value.

A widespread agreement seems to be emerging within media research that the time has come for media sociology and cultural studies, the two major, traditionally hostile paradigms, to embark on a process of cross-fertilization. This article considers in an historical perspective a number of recent studies of the television audience carried out in this spirit of innovation, and critically evaluates the aims, theories and methods underlying the specific hybrid projects of Katz/Liebes, Radway, and Ang.

"How do young audiences play with the cultural spectacle offered by reality shows like Big Brother? How does interactive media influence learning the process in educational and everyday settings? How can corporate communicators address their ethical commitment more effectively to the general public? And is there a link between television viewing and violent behaviour? Researching Audiences is a practical hands-on guide to the main types of empirical fieldwork that have established themselves in academic, policy and commercial research. It will help you explore what audience members do with the media, how they make sense of the media, and how the media may influence social affairs from the micro to the macro level. The book introduces and discusses four complementary key approaches to empirical research: Media ethnography, reception research, survey research, and experimental research. - a full-scale presentation of a best-practice example of the approach - the key concepts used by its practitioners and an overview of its scholarly history - a comprehensive toolbox that equips students with the methodological prerequisites needed in order to embark on the kind of fieldwork often required in practice-oriented audience courses."--Bloomsbury Publishing

This paper was presented to the 14th Nordic Conference of Media and Communication Research, the "Political Copmmunication" Working Group, Kungälv, Sweden, 14–17 August 1999. The project presented in this paper is one of many funded by the large-scale "Power and Democracy in Denmark" research initiative commissioned and funded by the Danish Parliament in 1998. The research initiative is set up in an organisational framework that is completely independent of the political actors, who have left it entirely in the hands of an academic steering committee to define the research priorities and to award research grants. The research team of the project Mediatised politics: politicaldiscourses and the media in contemporary Danish democracy consists of Louise Phillips and Kim Christian Schroder, Department of Communication, Roskilde University, Denmark.

The article reports from a research project about how the media function as a democratic resource for citizens in Denmark. It brings together discourse- and audienceanalysis perspectives into one research design, questioning the often simplified notions of media power found in media/politics research. Our three-tiered study explores the media/citizen nexus, in a social context where politics spans the continuum from traditional parliamentary politics, through grassroots organizations ('subpolitics') and everyday politics ('life-politics'). First, we explore the citizens' daily life with the media in the perspective of democratic citizenship, as people report this to us in group conversations. Second, we analyse the media's discursive constructions of 'politics', focusing on the political issues around traffic and transport policy, but including all political coverage of a variety of media during one selected week. Third, we explore the citizens' construction of 'politics' through focus group discussions. We see these studies as interrelated, but abstain from making causal generalizations about agenda setting and definitional power, preferring to map them as three interrelated discursive territories of contemporary politics, and to discuss possible linkages between media discourses and citizens' discourses. We thus end up by 'complexifying' the media/citizen connection beyond simplistic notions of media power.

The increasingly widespread use of social media like Facebook and Twitter is in the process of changing how news is produced, shared, and discussed. Studies of individual events, processes, and sites have led researchers to suggest that we are moving from a traditional "news cycle" dominated by journalists and professional sources to a more complex "information cycle" that integrates ordinary people in the ongoing construction and contestation of news (Chadwick, 2011), that new "participatory cultures" increasingly complement existing consumer cultures (Jenkins et al 2006), and that the dichotomy between producers and users is being blurred by the rise of active "produsage" where social media users take the lead in content creation and dissemination (Bruns, 2007). But so far, we have had only a vague understanding of (a) how important social media are as sources of news and ways of finding news relative to other sources, (b) how widespread these new forms of more engaged news media use actually are, and (c) whether these developments are similar or different from country to country. Based on data from a cross-country online survey of news media use (the Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2013), we present a comparative analysis of the role of social media in the news information cycle in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States, covering a range of developed democracies with historically different media systems but generally high levels of internet use. We show that television remains both the most widely used and most important source of news in all these countries, and that the websites of legacy news media organizations like broadcasters and newspapers are generally the most important online sources of news. We identify a set of similarities in terms of the growing importance of social media as part of the cross-media news habits of especially younger generations, but also important country-to-country differences in terms of how widespread especially the more active and participatory forms of media use are. Surprisingly, these differences do not correspond in any simple way to differences in levels of internet use, suggesting that more than mere availability shapes the role of social media in the news information cycle. ; The increasingly widespread use of social media like Facebook and Twitter is in the process of changing how news is produced, shared, and discussed. Studies of individual events, processes, and sites have led researchers to suggest that we are moving from a traditional "news cycle" dominated by journalists and professional sources to a more complex "information cycle" that integrates ordinary people in the ongoing construction and contestation of news (Chadwick, 2011), that new "participatory cultures" increasingly complement existing consumer cultures (Jenkins et al 2006), and that the dichotomy between producers and users is being blurred by the rise of active "produsage" where social media users take the lead in content creation and dissemination (Bruns, 2007). But so far, we have had only a vague understanding of (a) how important social media are as sources of news and ways of finding news relative to other sources, (b) how widespread these new forms of more engaged news media use actually are, and (c) whether these developments are similar or different from country to country. Based on data from a cross-country online survey of news media use (the Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2013), we present a comparative analysis of the role of social media in the news information cycle in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States, covering a range of developed democracies with historically different media systems but generally high levels of internet use. We show that television remains both the most widely used and most important source of news in all these countries, and that the websites of legacy news media organizations like broadcasters and newspapers are generally the most important online sources of news. We identify a set of similarities in terms of the growing importance of social media as part of the cross-media news habits of especially younger generations, but also important country-to-country differences in terms of how widespread especially the more active and participatory forms of media use are. Surprisingly, these differences do not correspond in any simple way to differences in levels of internet use, suggesting that more than mere availability shapes the role of social media in the news information cycle.

The article offers new insights for democracy and for news producers by mapping the use and users of today's cross-media news landscape, as the everyday consumption of news across the range of available news media and formats is shifting as a result of transformations of technology, culture and lifestyles. Theoretically the study is anchored in Habermas's notion of the public sphere, and its recent reconceptualizations in theories of 'cultural citizenship', 'civic agency' and 'public connection'. The project operationalizes these theories through the concept of users' perceived "worthwhileness" of news media, a user-anchored concept which incorporates the different functionalities of the situational cross-media use of news by citizen/consumers in everyday life. Empirically the article presents the findings of a large-scale survey that traces the imminent challenges facing players in the news market, as a consequence of accelerating divisions between 'overview' and 'depth' news media (across print, broadcasting and the internet). The project is carried out in a partnership of university-based researchers and analysts from one of the major newspaper publishers in Denmark, and presents the first user-based analysis of the relative position of each individual news medium in the entire news media matrix.

The concept of the audience is changing. In the twenty-first century there are novel configurations of user practices and technological capabilities that are altering the way we understand and trust media organizations and representations, how we participate in society, and how we construct our social relations. This book embeds these transformations in a societal, cultural, technological, ideological, economic and historical context, avoiding a naive privileging of technology as the main societal driving force, but also avoiding the media-centric reduction of society to t

Museums today find themselves within a mediatised society, where everyday life is conducted in a data-full and technology-rich context. In fact, museums are themselves mediatised: they present a uniquely media-centred environment, in which communicative media is a constitutive property of their organisation and of the visitor experience. The Routledge Handbook of Museums, Media and Communication explores what it means to take mediated communication as a key concept for museum studies and as a sensitising lens for media-related museum practice on the ground. Including contributions from experts around the world, this original and innovative Handbook shares a nuanced and precise understanding of media, media concepts and media terminology, rehearsing new locations for writing on museum media and giving voice to new subject alignments. As a whole, the volume breaks new ground by reframing mediated museum communication as a resource for an inclusive understanding of current museum developments. The Routledge Handbook of Museums, Media and Communication will appeal to both students and scholars, as well as to practitioners involved in the visioning, design and delivery of mediated communication in the museum. It teaches us not just how to study museums, but how to go about being a museum in today's world.

Abstract
In media systems theory, the Nordic countries are often held to constitute a specific media system (Brüggemann et al., 2014). In this article, we put this claim to the test in the area of news consumption. Based on findings about the four Nordic countries Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland in the annual Reuters Institute Digital News Report (Newman et al., 2019), and inspired by previous studies of the audience dimension of media systems (Hölig et al., 2016; Peruško et al., 2015; Van Damme et al., 2017), we undertake a descriptive empirical analysis of the 2019 data of this 38-country study. Our study compares news audience practices in the Nordic countries with those of countries belonging to other supranational media systems. We find that while there are some internal differences within the Nordic media system, there are salient news consumption commonalities that are specific to the Nordic countries, such as preferred sources of news, pathways to news, paying for online news, and trust in the news.