Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction: Peasant and Community -- Part I: Land -- 2 Land: Tenure, Landholding and Rent -- 3 Determinants of Peasant Landholding -- 4 The Transfer of Peasant Land -- Part II: Family -- 5 Family, Household and Kin -- 6 Peasant Marriage and Household Formation: Issues and Influences -- Part III: Worlds Beyond: Market, Crown and Church -- 7 Peasants and the Market -- 8 Peasants and Politics -- 9 Peasants and Religion -- 10 Conclusion -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y.

This report describes the work of the tranScriptorium project, which intends to produce software applications which will 'read' historical handwritten documents, and produce transcripts for these manuscripts. It describes the process in non-technical language, and explains the potential benefits of making available millions of pages of hitherto digitized, but untranscribed and relatively inaccessible, manuscripts. The tranScriptorium consortium consists of: Universitat Politècnica de València – UPV (Spain, lead institution) Universiy of Innsbruck – UIBK (Austria) National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" – NCSR (Greece) University College London – UCL (UK) Institute for Dutch Lexicology – INL (Netherlands) University London Computer Centre – ULCC (UK) This project has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 600707.

A few of the many species of Heliothis (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) are important crop pests in the Old and New Worlds. Among these, H.armigera, H.zea, H.virescens and H.punctigera are the best known. The former is a particularly destructive species of a wide range of crops cultivated in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, including several staple foods and important peasant farmer cash crops. As new cultivation techniques are introduced and more extensive areas of crops are grown, often on larger irrigation and Government development schemes, it appears that this pest is becoming increasingly important. There is a strong suspicion that H.armigera populations move locally between crops grown in sequence or intercropped and that probably more extensive migratory movement occurs, as has been demonstrated in the closely related species H. zea in North America. This has considerable implications for effective control of the pest on the crops of some of the least priviledged farmers of the Developing World and in some of the poorest countries. There are recorded instances of resistance to pesticides in the species. Clearly large scale movements could have an effect on dissemination of such resistance and affect the level of control exerted by local parasite and predator populations and hence the necessity for rapid control action to combat rapid population increases of the pest on both staple food and cash crops. The ability to forecast or warn of such incidents would assist in effective timing of control operations and maximise efficiency of any insecticidal input required. This bibliography consolidates much of the scattered literature on the migratory behaviour of Heliothis spp. and will help to identify gaps in the existing knowledge of this aspect of the ecology of the genus. It will hopefully assist in focussing attention on the necessity for work on H.armigera, which is of such great importance in Developing Countries. Work on migratory movement could lead to effective action both regionally and internationally to reduce possibilities of migration of damaging numbers of moths. It will certainly assist in increasing knowledge on the bionomics of one of the most damaging agricultural pest species in the Old World and be of benefit to some of the least advantaged farmers of the tropics.

OBJECTIVE—To explore the validity, reliability, and applicability of using a short, psychometrically sound survey instrument to measure population attitudes toward tobacco control policies. DESIGN—Surveys. SUBJECTS AND SETTING—Student respondents attending university in Australia (n = 403), Hong Kong (n = 336), the Netherlands (n = 351), South Africa (n = 291), the United Kingdom (n = 164) and the United States (n = 241); total n = 1786. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE—The Smoking Policy Inventory (SPI), a 35-item scale. SPI scores were adjusted for age, income, gender, and smoking status. Estimates of internal consistency and tests of factorial invariance were conducted in each sample. RESULTS—Across all six countries, the SPI was found to be highly reliable and to have a consistent factor structure, indicating that the SPI scale represents a higher order construct that assesses general attitudes about tobacco control policy with five dimensions. In general, the degree of endorsement of anti-tobacco policies as measured by the SPI reflected the extent and strength of tobacco control legislation in those countries. Dutch students were the least likely, and Australian and Hong Kong students the most likely, to support tobacco control policies. CONCLUSIONS—It is possible to develop appropriate and meaningful measurement tools for assessing support of tobacco control policies. Strong evidence was found for internal reliability and structural invariance of the SPI. The SPI may be a useful mechanism for monitoring ongoing policy initiatives, making cross-cultural comparisons, and evaluating population receptiveness to proposed policy approaches. Keywords: policies; tobacco control; Smoking Policy Inventory

"The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx. doi.10.1007/s00127-016-1185-8 ; JD is funded by the Health Foundation working with the Academy of Medical Sciences. CM is supported by a European Research Council Consolidator Award (Ref: ERC-CoG- 2014-Proposal 648837, REACH). RS is funded by the NIHR Spe- cialist Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psy- chiatry, King's College London. GT and FG are supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College London Foundation Trust. GT acknowledges financial support from the Department of Health via the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre and Dementia Unit awarded to South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London and King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. GT is supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) Emerald project. AR is funded by the European Union Horizon 2020 pro- gramme OpenMinTeD and KConnect projects, by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre and Dementia Biomedical Research Unit at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, and by QBurst

Supplemental Data include 7 figures and 41 tables and can be found with this article online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.05.020. ; The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) is widely used in the rare disease community for differential diagnostics, phenotype-driven analysis of next-generation sequence-variation data, and translational research, but a comparable resource has not been available for common disease. Here, we have developed a concept-recognition procedure that analyzes the frequencies of HPO disease annotations as identified in over five million PubMed abstracts by employing an iterative procedure to optimize precision and recall of the identified terms. We derived disease models for 3,145 common human diseases comprising a total of 132,006 HPO annotations. The HPO now comprises over 250,000 phenotypic annotations for over 10,000 rare and common diseases and can be used for examining the phenotypic overlap among common diseases that share risk alleles, as well as between Mendelian diseases and common diseases linked by genomic location. The annotations, as well as the HPO itself, are freely available. ; This work was supported by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (project 0313911), the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme (FP7; grant 602300; SYBIL project), the Raine Clinician Research Fellowship (20140101), and the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (grant APP1055319, which is partnered with FP7 grant 305444). Oregon Health and Science University acknowledges the support of grant 1R24OD011883-01 from the NIH Office of the Director. T.G. was supported by an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (DE120100508). D.V. was supported in part by the BioMedBridges project funded by Research Infrastructures of the FP7 (grant 284209). H.P. was supported by European Molecular Biology Laboratory Core Funds. This work was supported by the director, Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, US Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-05CH11231 and NIH contract 1R24OD011883-01. This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the US Government. ; Peer-reviewed ; Publisher Version