Suchergebnisse

This dissertation seeks to advance the academic debate on policy integration and coordination. Using the example of climate policy, I aim to provide a robust understanding of this nascent policy field, investigating both output and process dimensions. The main argument put forward is that increasingly comprehensive climate policy portfolios require greater examination of the opposite direction traditionally examined as climate policy integration: that is to say, while the integration of climate concerns into other policy domains is important, so is the integration of concerns such as agriculture into climate policies. The climate domain's multidimensional character is often assumed, though it has not yet been systematically traced. The greater display of concerns also requires increased coordination of relevant stakeholders' involvement to ensure achieving cross-cutting objectives. However, the growing number of calls for greater policy integration and coordination do little to capture its concomitant dilemmas and trade-offs, especially those which appear at the local level. This thesis explores the composition and development of more than 1,000 national climate policies between 1990 and 2017. It also examines determinants and drivers of climate policies in more than 170 countries, thereby providing a truly global perspective. The cross-country quantitative analyses are further substantiated using qualitative evidence from 59 semi-structured interviews with various experts, including scientists, ministerial bureaucrats and politicians to gain a more nuanced understanding of climate policy-making processes. By means of two case studies, which are situated in Israel and Germany, meaning that both non-Annex I (developing) and Annex I/II (developed) countries under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are represented, this paper highlights the various challenges that bureaucrats in administrations and politicians face when developing climate policies and dealing with the paramount issue of integrating climate concerns. The findings show that the density of policy outcomes increases over time and that energy-related aspects dominate national climate policies. Nevertheless, the portfolio of climate policies is becoming more inclusive as concerns related to adaptation, transportation and agriculture are addressed. The more comprehensive coverage in climate policies is most pronounced for European Union membership, economies with a high Gross Domestic Product per capita, and to a lesser extent for countries that are environmentally vulnerable. Looking at the national adaptation plan in Israel and the integration of climate concerns at the local level in the Rhein-Neckar region in Germany, the challenges during the policy-making processes are manifold. They range from insufficient knowledge to the preference of decision-makers to deal with competing issues instead, such as security or economic concerns. For adaptation policy-making, the perception that Israel has already adapted, or will easily adapt, has negatively affected the policy-making process. Moreover, the incorporation of climate objectives is particularly challenging in the metropolitan region of Rhein-Neckar, since its growing population and economy have reduced the amount of available space. Coordination is fragmented horizontally and vertically in both cases, showing the difficulty of integrative approaches for cross-cutting problems. This is an insightful finding, since it suggests that having more integrated policies might be symbolic, or that the policies themselves merely indicate political intentions, rather than being substantive policies anchored across relevant institutions. Ministerial bureaucrats as well as politicians are aware of the urgency, importance and difficulty of dealing with the long-term policy problem that climate change represents. However, their motivation is often geared more towards short-term approaches, complying with certain policy requirements or mollifying the impacts of climate change, which are already being felt, rather than making the integration of climate aims a priority. Taken together, these findings advance the current state of research in three ways. First, the global perspective and identification of broad empirical patterns highlight the multidimensional character of climate policies. The display of agriculture, for instance, shows that existing databases fail to capture adequately all the concerns that national climate policies address. Crucially, it also highlights the importance of networked and multi-sector approaches. Second, the examination of two previously uninvestigated case studies improves our understanding of the challenges in climate policy-making processes. In particular, the case study also provide qualitative insights into decision makers' preferences. Lastly, these findings demonstrate the importance of studying policy integration from a multidisciplinary perspective, for doing so broadens our understanding of the challenges inherent in integrative governance approaches.

Agriculture in the context of climate change is often a provocative subject because agriculture is both heavily impacted by the warming world and also a principal contributor to climate change. As efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions increase, the EU is pushing all sectors to integrate measures to combat climate change. This article argues that the agricultural sector has instigated a process of integrating climate concerns. However, these efforts will not lead to a large number of disruptive changes in the agricultural sector. While the EU is putting climate change firmly on the agricultural agenda, ranking the issue even higher than the environment, the Union's primary goal is still to support the income of farmers. Hence, the EU's intentions will likely lead to raising awareness of the issue of climate change in the context of agriculture but will not lead to any transformative changes in European agricultural policymaking.

Die Beschäftigung mit dem Sozialkapital boomt disziplinenübergreifend. Ökonomen versprechen sich von ihm eine wesentliche Ergänzung der traditionellen individualistischen Sicht- und Analyseweise und dadurch eine größere Realitätsnähe. Aber erfüllen sich die Hoffnungen, dass Sozialkapital eine höhere Erklärungskraft als traditionelle Theorien aufweist und handelt es sich damit um einen unverzichtbaren Baustein der ökonomischen Theorie oder nur um eine vorübergehende Modeerscheinung ohne wirkliches erkenntnistheoretisches Potential? Wie entsteht Sozialkapital und welche ökonomischen Konsequenzen ergeben sich aus seiner Existenz? Diese und ähnliche Fragen werden im theoretischen Teil betrachtet. Im empirischen Teil dieses Buches steht das Sozialkapital in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Fokus. Nach der Erklärung der Operationalisierung und Messung der Sozialkapitalkomponenten erfolgt mit Hilfe des Datensatzes des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) des DIW eine empirische Bestandsaufnahme des Sozialkapitalvermögens in Ost- und Westdeutschland sowie eine Analyse der Genese und Wirkungen des Sozialkapitals in Deutschland. Dabei zeigt sich, dass der Sozialkapitalbestand in Ostdeutschland signifikant niedriger als in Westdeutschland ist, dass es vor allem gut ausgebildete, erwerbstätige, männliche, Wohneigentum besitzende Personen sind, die am meisten über Sozialkapital verfügen und dass sich positive ökonomische Wirkungen insbesondere auf formelle Netzwerke und Vertrauen zurückführen lassen. Schließlich wird deutlich, dass die Sozialkapitaltheorie viele von der ökonomischen Theorie bisher vernachlässigte Aspekte erfasst und so - trotz der inhärenten Vielschichtigkeit und Unschärfe dieses Konzepts - einen wesentlichen Beitrag zurWeiterentwicklung der Volkswirtschaftslehre leisten kann.

Die Autorin untersucht, ob sich das Recht zur Open Access-Publikation zu einer Pflicht entwickeln kann. Im Fokus stehen die Rechte und Pflichten des Hochschulprofessors an seinen Forschungsergebnissen und urheberrechtlich geschützten Werken, die während seiner Tätigkeit in Forschung und Lehre entstehen.Die Autorin kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Wissenschaftsfreiheit gemäß Art. 5 Abs. 3 GG, die die Publikationsfreiheit des Wissenschaftlers umfassend schützt, einer Veröffentlichungspflicht des Hochschulprofessors für Forschungsergebnisse deutliche Grenzen grenzt. Sind die Forschungsergebnisse Inhalt urheberrechtlich geschützter Werke, ist der Hochschulprofessor de lege lata nicht zur Anbietung dieser Werke gegenüber seinem Dienstherrn oder der Hochschule verpflichtet. Einer solchen Pflicht de lege ferenda stehen die Eigentums- und Wissenschaftsfreiheit sowie das Urheberpersönlichkeitsrecht entgegen

AbstractThe role of the chief scientist (CS), a key administrative position in various Israeli ministries, is to fund policy‐oriented research and support evidence‐based decision‐making. Has the CS's role promoted or constrained incorporation of scientific advice regarding climate change adaptation into governmental policy? Have administrative traditions affected the adaptation planning process in Israel? Analysis of documents and 26 in‐depth interviews with key stakeholders sheds light on the ongoing climate change adaptation policy formulation process. Our study reveals that the CS of the Ministry of Environmental Protection functions as a bridge at different interfaces and can be characterized as a boundary worker between institutions. The inherent independence of this position facilitates the CS's ability to initiate, foster, and prioritize complex issues such as adaptation. Our findings further suggest that the perception that Israel has already adapted, or will easily adapt, has negatively affected the adaptation process.

In this study we examine the adoption of climate framework laws in 20 member states of the European Union (EU) from 1990 until 2015. Our analysis is guided by the following research questions: First, which EU member states have adopted climate change legislation that addresses mitigation, adaptation, or both? Second, do EU countries act coherently or do we observe differences across countries regarding the response strategy or point in time of policies directed towards climate change? Third, comparing mitigation and adaptation frameworks, which approach came first and did it affect the adoption of the respective other? Our findings show that all countries save one (i.e., Hungary) covered in the analysis have adopted framework laws tackling mitigation and/or adaptation to climate change. While we did not observe a coherent pattern with respect to timing or sequence of adaptation and mitigation frameworks, we found that the best predictor of a national government's behavior is the behavior of the governments of other countries. However, the response of EU member states to climate change is less homogenous than one would have expected based on previous literature. In addition, by highlighting that mitigation and adaptation measures are equally prominent, at least within our sample of EU countries, we complement current climate change literature that often places mitigation efforts at the forefront in terms of legislation activity. Future research should examine this issue more closely, as this dynamic is likely to continue since the Paris Agreement gave prominence to adaptation.

Österreich bietet einen hohen Lebensstandard, der sowohl in überdurchschnittlichen Pro-Kopf-Einkommen und einer im internationalen Vergleich niedrigen Arbeitslosenquote als auch einem geringeren Anteil armutsgefährdeter Personen zum Ausdruck kommt. Der erreichte materielle Wohlstand beruht auf vergangenen Leistungen, stimmt aber auch für die nähere Zukunft optimistisch. Gleichzeitig bestehen hartnäckige Strukturdefizite in Bezug auf wichtige Bestimmungsfaktoren der langfristigen Entwicklung. Beispiele sind die als zu gering empfundene Leistungsfähigkeit des Bildungssystems, hohe Abgaben auf Arbeitseinkommen, als überbordend empfundene Regulierungen, ein geringer Anteil forschungsintensiver Produktionszweige oder die mangelnde Finanzierung von risikoreichen Projekten mit großem Wachstumspotential.