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Urban seismology has gained scientific interest with the development of seismic ambient noise monitoring techniques and also for being a useful tool to connect society with the Earth sciences. The interpretation of the sources of seismic records generated by sporting events, traffic, or huge agglomerations arouses the population's curiosity and opens up a range of possibilities for new applications of seismology, especially in the area of urban monitoring. In this contribution, we present the analysis of seismic records from a station in the city of Brasilia during unusual episodes of silencing and noisy periods. Usually, cultural noise is observed in high-fequency bands. We showed in our analysis that cultural noise can also be observed in the low-frequency band, when high-frequency signal is attenuated. As examples of noisy periods, we have that of the Soccer World Cup in Brazil in 2014, where changes in noise are related to celebrations of goals and the party held by FIFA in the city, and the political manifestations in the period of the Impeachment trial in 2016, which reached the concentration of about 300,000 protesters. The two most characteristic periods of seismic silence have been the quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, and the trucker strike that occurred across the country in 2018, both drastically reducing the movement of people in the city. ; MS received support from the Generalitat de Catalunya (2017SGR1022) and Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (SANIMS project, no. RTI2018-095594-B-I00).MPR thanks CNPq for the research fellowship grant 30.7151/2018-2. ; Peer reviewed

Urban seismology has gained scientific interest with the development of seismic ambient noise monitoring techniques and also for being a useful tool to connect society with the Earth sciences. The interpretation of the sources of seismic records generated by sporting events, traffic, or huge agglomerations arouses the population's curiosity and opens up a range of possibilities for new applications of seismology, especially in the area of urban monitoring. In this contribution, we present the analysis of seismic records from a station in the city of Brasilia during unusual episodes of silencing and noisy periods. Usually, cultural noise is observed in high-fequency bands. We showed in our analysis that cultural noise can also be observed in the low-frequency band, when high-frequency signal is attenuated. As examples of noisy periods, we have that of the Soccer World Cup in Brazil in 2014, where changes in noise are related to celebrations of goals and the party held by FIFA in the city, and the political manifestations in the period of the Impeachment trial in 2016, which reached the concentration of about 300,000 protesters. The two most characteristic periods of seismic silence have been the quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, and the trucker strike that occurred across the country in 2018, both drastically reducing the movement of people in the city. ; MS received support from the Generalitat de Catalunya (2017SGR1022) and Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (SANIMS project, no. RTI2018-095594-B-I00). MPR thanks CNPq for the research fellowship grant 30.7151/2018-2.

The European College of Gerodontology (ECG) and the European Union Geriatric Medicine Society (EUGMS) Task & Force group on Gerodontology has developed an expert opinion paper on Geriatric Oral Health Policy Recommendations, with particular focus on frail and care dependent older people. Oral health in older adults is often largely neglected. Common oral diseases, such as caries, periodontal disease, denturerelated conditions, hyposalivation, oral precancerous conditions and cancer may lead to tooth loss, pain, local and systemic infection, impaired oral function as well as negative impact on quality of life, increased morbidity and mortality. Although the majority of oral diseases are preventable and treatable, oral problems in older adults remain largely underdiagnosed, as frail patients often refrain from routine dental care, due to a number of barriers and misconceptions. These hindrances include person-related issues, lack of professional support and/or lack of effective oral health policies. Three major areas for further action are identified: a) educational action plans for health care providers, b) health policy action plans, and c) citizens' empowerment and involvement. A list of defined competences in geriatric oral health assessment and promotion for non-dental health care providers is suggested, as well as an oral health promotion and disease prevention protocol for care dependent older users of secondary and tertiary health care facilities. Oral health assessment should be incorporated into general health assessment with emphasis on prevention and oral care should be integrated into public health care coverage.

The flow of the Greenland Ice Sheet is controlled by subglacial processes and conditions that depend on the geological provenance and temperature of the crust beneath it, neither of which are adequately known. Here we present a seismic velocity model of the uppermost 5 km of the Greenlandic crust. We show that slow velocities in the upper crust tend to be associated with major outlet glaciers along the ice-sheet margin, and elevated geothermal heat flux along the Iceland hotspot track inland. Outlet glaciers particularly susceptible to basal slip over deformable subglacial sediments include Jakobshavn, Helheim and Kangerdlussuaq, while geothermal warming and softening of basal ice may affect the onset of faster ice flow at Petermann Glacier and the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream. Interactions with the solid earth therefore control the past, present and future dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet and must be adequately explored and implemented in ice sheet models. ; G.A.J. is funded through the by the Seȓ Cymru II Program in Low Carbon Energy and the Environment (European Regional Development Fund and Welsh European Funding Office; Project number 80761-SU-SU093). A.M.G.F. is grateful to support from NERC grant NE/N011791/1. M.S. thanks SANIMS (RTI2018-095594-B-I00). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 101001601). The seismic inversions presented in this study were carried out at UCL's computer clusters Kathleen and Grace. Figures were generated using Matplotlib73. The Python toolbox obspyDMT74 was used to download the seismic data. ; Peer reviewed

X Congreso Geológico de España, 5-7 Julio 2021, Vitoria - Gasteiz ; The crustal structure of the Iberian Central System has been studied using passive seismic techniques. We have applied seismic interferometry to a passive dataset through two techniques to generate a lithospheric-scale cross-section of the orogen. The resulting images constrain the structure of the crust below the mountain range and that of its surrounding sedimentary basins. Both techniques provide complementary results. The resulting images reveal that the crust¿mantle boundary is relatively flat, with arrival times of approximately 10 s two-way travel time except in the Central System, where reflectors are located at 12 s two-way travel time. This indicates a clear thickening of the crust below the core of the orogen, resulting, most probably, from an imbrication of the crust. The boundary between the upper and lower crust is found at 5 s two-way travel and it is also slightly deeper below the mountain range. ; This research has been supported by the Spanish National Research Program (grant nos. CGL2014 56548-P and CGL2016-81964-REDE), the regional government of Castilla and León (project SA065P17), and the Generalitat de Catalunya (grant no. 2017-SGR-1022);Juvenal Andrés is supported by FPI from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant no.BES-2015-071683).

X Congreso Geológico de España, 5-7 Julio 2021, Vitoria - Gasteiz ; La estructura cortical del Sistema Central Ibérico se ha estudiado mediante técnicas de sísmicas pasivas. Hemos aplicado interferometría sísmica a un conjunto de datos pasivos a través de dos técnicas para generar una corte a escala litosférica del orógeno. Las imágenes resultantes constriñen la estructura cortical de la cordillera y la de sus cuencas sedimentarias adyacentes. Ambas técnicas presentan resultados similares. Las imágenes obtenidas revelan que el límite entre la corteza y el manto es relativamente plano, con tiempos de llegada de aproximadamente de 10 s en tiempo doble, excepto bajo el Sistema Central, donde los reflectores están ubicados a 12 s en tiempo doble. Esto define un claro engrosamiento de la corteza debajo del Sistema Central, como resultado, muy probablemente, de una imbricación de la misma. El límite entre la corteza superior e inferior se encuentra a 5 s en tiempo doble y es también ligeramente más profundo debajo de la cordillera. ; The crustal structure of the Iberian Central System has been studied using passive seismic techniques. We have applied seismic interferometry to a passive dataset through two techniques to generate a lithospheric-scale cross-section of the orogen. The resulting images constrain the structure of the crust below the mountain range and that of its surrounding sedimentary basins. Both techniques provide complementary results. The resulting images reveal that the crust–mantle boundary is relatively flat, with arrival times of approximately 10 s two-way travel time except in the Central System, where reflectors are located at 12 s two-way travel time. This indicates a clear thickening of the crust below the core of the orogen, resulting, most probably, from an imbrication of the crust. The boundary between the upper and lower crust is found at 5 s two-way travel and it is also slightly deeper below the mountain range. ; This research has been supported by the Spanish National Research Program (grant nos. CGL2014 56548-P and CGL2016-81964-REDE), the regional government of Castilla and León (project SA065P17), and the Generalitat de Catalunya (grant no. 2017-SGR-1022); Juvenal Andrés is supported by FPI from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant no. BES-2015-071683).

The Spanish Central System is an intraplate mountain range that divides the Iberian Inner Plateau in two sectors - the northern Duero Basin and the Tajo Basin to the south. The topography of the area is highly variable with the Tajo Basin having an average altitude of 450-500 m and the Duero Basin having a higher average altitude of 750-800 m. The Spanish Central System is characterized by a thick-skin pop-up and pop-down configuration formed by the reactivation of Variscan structures during the Alpine orogeny. The high topography is, most probably, the response of a tectonically thickened crust that should be the response to (1) the geometry of the Moho discontinuity, (2) an imbricated crustal architecture, and/or (3) the rheological properties of the lithosphere. Shedding some light on these features is the main target of the current investigation. In this work, we present the lithospheric-scale model across this part of the Iberian Massif. We have used data from the Central Iberian Massif Deformation (CIMDEF) project, which consists of recordings of an almost-linear array of 69 short-period seismic stations, which define a 320 km long transect. We have applied the so-called global-phase seismic interferometry. The technique uses continuous recordings of global earthquakes ( >120 ĝ' epicentral distance) to extract global phases and their reverberations within the lithosphere. The processing provides an approximation of the zero-offset reflection response of a single station to a vertical source, sending (near)-vertical seismic energy. Results indeed reveal a clear thickening of the crust below the Central System, resulting, most probably, from an imbrication of the lower crust. Accordingly, the crust-mantle boundary is mapped as a relatively flat interface at approximately 10 s two-way travel time except in the Central System, where this feature deepens towards the NW reaching more than 12 s. The boundary between the upper and lower crust is well defined and is found at 5 s two-way travel time. The upper crust has a very distinctive signature depending on the region. Reflectivity at upper-mantle depths is scattered throughout the profile, located between 13 and 18 s, and probably related to the Hales discontinuity. © Author(s) 2019. ; This research has been supported by the Spanish National Research Program (grant nos. CGL2014-56548-P and CGL2016-81964-REDE), the regional government of Castilla and León (project SA065P17), and the Generalitat de Catalunya (grant no. 2017-SGR-1022); Juvenal Andrés is supported by FPI (Formación de Personal Investigador) from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant no. BES-2015-071683). ; Peer reviewed

The collapse of a mine tailings dam and subsequent flood in SE Brazil on 5 November 2015 was preceded by a small-magnitude seismic sequence. In this report, we explore the spatiotemporal associations between the seismic events and the accident and discuss their possible connection. We also analyze the signals generated by the turbulent mudflow, as recorded by the Brazilian Seismographic Network (RSBR). In light of our observations, we propose as possible contributing factor for the dam collapse either ground shaking and/or soil liquefaction triggered by the earthquakes. The possibility of such a small-magnitude earthquake contributing to the collapse of a tailings dam raises important concerns regarding safety and related legislation of dams in Brazil and the world. ©2016. American Geophysical Union. ; H.A.D. and M.A. acknowledge support from Sao Paulo Research Foundation FAPESP grant 2014/09455-3 and CNPq grant 30.6547/2013-9. ; Peer reviewed

Across the European Union costs for the treatment of oral disease is expected to rise to €93 Billion by 2020 and be higher than those for stroke and dementia combined. A significant proportion of these costs will relate to the provision of care for older people. Dental caries severity and experience is now a major public health issue in older people and periodontal disease disproportionately affects older adults. Poor oral health impacts on older people's quality of life, their self-esteem, general health and diet. Oral health care service provision for older people is often unavailable or poor, as is the standard of knowledge amongst formal and informal carers. The aim of this discussion paper is to explore some of the approaches that could be taken to improve the level of co-production in the design of healthcare services for older people.

BACKGROUND Across the European Union costs for the treatment of oral disease is expected to rise to €93 Billion by 2020 and be higher than those for stroke and dementia combined. A significant proportion of these costs will relate to the provision of care for older people. Dental caries severity and experience is now a major public health issue in older people and periodontal disease disproportionately affects older adults. Poor oral health impacts on older people's quality of life, their self-esteem, general health and diet. Oral health care service provision for older people is often unavailable or poor, as is the standard of knowledge amongst formal and informal carers. The aim of this discussion paper is to explore some of the approaches that could be taken to improve the level of co-production in the design of healthcare services for older people. MAIN TEXT People's emotional and practical response to challenges in health and well-being and the responsiveness of systems to their needs is crucial to improve the quality of service provision. This is a particularly important aspect of care for older people as felt, expressed and normative needs may be fundamentally different and vary as they become increasingly dependent. Co-production shifts the design process away from the traditional 'top-down' medical model, where needs assessments are undertaken by someone external to a community and strategies are devised that encourage these communities to become passive recipients of services. Instead, an inductive paradigm of partnership working and shared leadership is actively encouraged to set priorities and ultimately helps improve the translational gap between research, health policy and health-service provision. DISCUSSION The four methodological approaches discussed in this paper (Priority Setting Partnerships, Discrete Choice Experiments, Core Outcome Sets and Experience Based Co-Design) represent an approach that seeks to better engage with older people and ensure an inductive, co-produced process to the research and design of healthcare services of the future. These methods facilitate partnerships between researchers, healthcare professionals and patients to produce more responsive and appropriate public services for older people.

Background: Across the European Union costs for the treatment of oral disease is expected to rise to €93 Billion by 2020 and be higher than those for stroke and dementia combined. A significant proportion of these costs will relate to the provision of care for older people. Dental caries severity and experience is now a major public health issue in older people and periodontal disease disproportionately affects older adults. Poor oral health impacts on older people's quality of life, their self-esteem, general health and diet. Oral health care service provision for older people is often unavailable or poor, as is the standard of knowledge amongst formal and informal carers. The aim of this discussion paper is to explore some of the approaches that could be taken to improve the level of co-production in the design of healthcare services for older people. Main text: People's emotional and practical response to challenges in health and well-being and the responsiveness of systems to their needs is crucial to improve the quality of service provision. This is a particularly important aspect of care for older people as felt, expressed and normative needs may be fundamentally different and vary as they become increasingly dependent. Co-production shifts the design process away from the traditional 'top-down' medical model, where needs assessments are undertaken by someone external to a community and strategies are devised that encourage these communities to become passive recipients of services. Instead, an inductive paradigm of partnership working and shared leadership is actively encouraged to set priorities and ultimately helps improve the translational gap between research, health policy and health-service provision. Discussion: The four methodological approaches discussed in this paper (Priority Setting Partnerships, Discrete Choice Experiments, Core Outcome Sets and Experience Based Co-Design) represent an approach that seeks to better engage with older people and ensure an inductive, co-produced process to the research and design of healthcare services of the future. These methods facilitate partnerships between researchers, healthcare professionals and patients to produce more responsive and appropriate public services for older people. KEYWORDS: older people, healthcare service design, oral health, co-production and co-creation

The dimensions, the geographical position and the complex geological history of the Iberian Peninsula makes it a unique and singular target to study its crustal and upper mantle structure and geodynamical evolution using geophysical methods. The lithospheric structure beneath Iberia has been investigated since the 1970's using deep multichannel seismic reflection and refraction/wide-angle reflection profiling. Gravimetric and magnetic data were acquired following the deployment of permanent and temporary stations, mostly during the 1990's. Beginning in the late 1990's, the progressive use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) instruments contributed to monitor the present-day motions. During the last decades, numerous geological and geophysical surveys have investigated the Iberian lithosphere and upper mantle in the onshore and offshore regions, the most recent ones related to the TopoIberia project. The approach developed in this contribution is twofold. Firstly, we summarize the available geophysical information over Iberia, from focusing on the upper crust to the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary and the transition zone marking the bottom of the upper mantle. Results of GNSS data, potential fields, controlled source seismic profiles, magnetotelluric data, body and surface wave tomography, receiver functions and 2D and 3D lithospheric modeling are reviewed and compared. Secondly, we focus on the areas of greater geodynamic interest and the regions where inconsistencies within the geophysical results, or contradictions in their tectonic interpretation exist, identifying the major questions that are still under debate. Besides shedding light to the state of knowledge and pointing out present-day research challenges, this review provides a tool for the integration of the diverse geophysical datasets with the surface geology and geodynamical processes that are interpreted to have built the complex geology of the Iberian Peninsula. ; The authors acknowledge funding from the Generalitat de Catalunya, grant/awards number AGAUR 2017SGR1022, and AGAUR 2017SGR847, the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities grant numbers RTI2018-095594-B-I00, PGC2018-095154-B-100 and PGC2018-094227-B-I00 and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness grant numbers CGL2017-84901-C2 and PIE-CSIC-201830E039. IP is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities and University of Salamanca grant BEAGAL18/00090. AV acknowledges funding from the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S). ; Peer reviewed

Systematic Review Registration: https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/193580 ; The immense advances in computer power achieved in the last decades have had a significant impact in Earth science, providing valuable research outputs that allow the simulation of complex natural processes and systems, and generating improved forecasts. The development and implementation of innovative geoscientific software is currently evolving towards a sustainable and efficient development by integrating models of different aspects of the Earth system. This will set the foundation for a future digital twin of the Earth. The codification and update of this software require great effort from research groups and therefore, it needs to be preserved for its reuse by future generations of geoscientists. Here, we report on Geo-Soft-CoRe, a Geoscientific Software & Code Repository, hosted at the archive DIGITAL.CSIC. This is an open source, multidisciplinary and multiscale collection of software and code developed to analyze different aspects of the Earth system, encompassing tools to: 1) analyze climate variability; 2) assess hazards, and 3) characterize the structure and dynamics of the solid Earth. Due to the broad range of applications of these software packages, this collection is useful not only for basic research in Earth science, but also for applied research and educational purposes, reducing the gap between the geosciences and the society. By providing each software and code with a permanent identifier (DOI), we ensure its self-sustainability and accomplish the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) principles. Therefore, we aim for a more transparent science, transferring knowledge in an easier way to the geoscience community, and encouraging an integrated use of computational infrastructure. Systematic Review Registration: https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/193580 ; This research has been funded by the Projects EPOS IP 676564, EPOS SP 871121, SERA 730900, GeoCAM (PGC2018-095154-B-I00, Spanish Government) and the Center of Excellence for Exascale in Solid Earth (ChEESE) under the Grant Agreement 823844. IDF was funded by a FEDER-Junta de Castilla y León Postdoctoral contract (SA0084P20). JA and M-GL are funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the Juan de la Cierva fellowship (IJC 2018-036074-I and IJC 2018-036826-I, respectively), funded by MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033. AH is grateful for his Ramón y Cajal contract (RYC 2020-029253-I). Additional funding was provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RTI 2018-095594-B-I00, PGC 2018-095154-B-100) and the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR, 2017SGR1022). AP's work was supported by: a Science Foundation Ireland Career Development Award (17/CDA/4695); an investigator award (16/IA/4520); a Marine Research Programme funded by the Irish Government, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (Grant-Aid Agreement No. PBA/CC/18/01); European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme InnoVar under grant agreement No 818144; SFI Centre for Research Training in Foundations of Data Science 18/CRT/6049, and SFI Research Centre awards I-Form 16/RC/3872 and Insight 12/RC/2289_P2. AH and SG thank the Spanish research project PaleoModes (CGL2016-75281-C2-1-R) which provided some of their financial support. JF is supported by an Atracción de Talento senior fellowship (2018-T1/AMB/11493) funded by Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain), and a project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-114854GB-C22). ; Peer reviewed

NASA¿s InSight mission [1] has for the first time placed a very broad-band seismometer on the surface of Mars. The Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) [2] has been collecting continuous data since early February 2019. The main focus of InSight is to enhance our understanding of the internal structure and dynamics of Mars, which includes the goal to better constrain the crustal thickness of the planet [3]. Knowing the present-day crustal thickness of Mars has important implications for its thermal evolution [4] as well as for the partitioning of silicates and heat-producing elements between the different layers of Mars. Current estimates for the crustal thickness of Mars are based on modeling the relationship between topography and gravity [5,6], but these studies rely on different assumptions, e.g. on the density of the crust and upper mantle, or the bulk silicate composition of the planet and the crust. The resulting values for the average crustal thickness differ by more than 100%, from 30 km to more than 100 km [7]. New independent constraints from InSight will be based on seismically determining the crustal thickness at the landing site. This single firm measurement of crustal thickness at one point on the planet will allow to constrain both the average crustal thickness of Mars as well as thickness variations across the planet when combined with constraints from gravity and topography [8]. Here we describe the determination of the crustal structure and thickness at the InSight landing site based on seismic receiver functions for three marsquakes compared with autocorrelations of InSight data [9]. ; We acknowledge NASA, CNES, partner agencies and institutions (UKSA, SSO,DLR, JPL, IPGP-CNRS, ETHZ, IC, MPS-MPG) and the operators of JPL, SISMOC, MSDS, IRIS-DMC and PDS for providing SEED SEIS data. InSight data is archived in the PDS, and a full list of archives in the Geosciences, Atmospheres, and Imaging nodes is at https://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/missions/insight/. This work was partially carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ©2021, California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged