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Cover -- Policy Networks in Criminal Justice -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- Notes on the Contributors -- 1 Analysing Criminal Justice Policy-Making: Towards a Policy Networks Approach? -- 2 The Bobby Lobby: Police Associations and the Policy Process -- 3 Influencing or Influenced? - the Probation Service and Criminal Justice Policy -- 4 The Legal Profession and Policy Networks: an 'Advocacy Coalition' in Crisis? -- 5 The Courts: New Court Management and Old Court Ideologies -- 6 Networking and the Lobby for Penal Reform: Conflict and Consensus -- 7 Networking and Crime Control at the Local Level -- 8 Liberty: Networking Criminal Justice in Defence of Civil Liberties, 1979-99 -- 9 The Victims Lobby -- Index.

AbstractDue to the EC urban wastewater treatment Directive, considerable attention has been focused on nitrogen removal, particularly from biological filter nitrified effluents. The paper presents a reliable and proven full‐scale fixed‐film denitrification system installed in the US and evaluated on pilot scale by Severn Trent Water. Methanol has been used as a carbon source dosed prior to the deep‐bed sand filter. The filter removes considerable suspended solids as well as providing the hydraulic retention and surface area for the growth of the biological denitrifying bacteria. Flow sheets of typical US installations are given and operational data with costs are presented for the pilot‐plant evaluation.

Social and political bots have a small but strategic role in Venezuelan political conversations. These automated scripts generate content through social media platforms and then interact with people. In this preliminary study on the use of political bots in Venezuela, we analyze the tweeting, following and retweeting patterns for the accounts of prominent Venezuelan politicians and prominent Venezuelan bots. We find that bots generate a very small proportion of all the traffic about political life in Venezuela. Bots are used to retweet content from Venezuelan politicians but the effect is subtle in that less than 10 percent of all retweets come from bot-related platforms. Nonetheless, we find that the most active bots are those used by Venezuela's radical opposition. Bots are pretending to be political leaders, government agencies and political parties more than citizens. Finally, bots are promoting innocuous political events more than attacking opponents or spreading misinformation.

© 2020 IEEE. AI has powerful capabilities in prediction, automation, planning, targeting, and personalisation. Generally, it is assumed that AI can enable machines to exhibit human-like intelligence, and is claimed to benefit to different areas of our lives. Since AI is fueled by data and is a distinct form of autonomous and self-learning agency, we are seeing increasing ethical concerns related to AI uses. In order to mitigate various ethical concerns, national and international organisations including governmental organisations, private sectors as well as research institutes have made extensive efforts by drafting ethical principles of AI, and having active discussions on ethics of AI within and beyond the AI community. This paper investigates these efforts with a focus on the identification of fundamental ethical principles of AI and their implementations. The review found that there is a convergence around limited principles and the most prevalent principles are transparency, justice and fairness, responsibility, non-maleficence, and privacy. The investigation suggests that ethical principles need to be combined with every stages of the AI lifecycle in the implementation to ensure that the AI system is designed, implemented and deployed in an ethical manner. Similar to ethical framework used in biomedical and clinical research, this paper suggests checklist-style questionnaires as benchmarks for the implementation of ethical principles of AI.

Does social media use have a positive or negative impact on civic engagement? The cynical "slacktivism hypothesis" holds that if citizens use social media for political conversation, those conversations will be fleeting and vapid. Most attempts to answer this question involve public opinion data from the United States, so we offer an examination of an important case from Mexico, where an independent candidate used social media to communicate with the public and eschewed traditional media outlets. He won the race for state governor, defeating candidates from traditional parties and triggering sustained public engagement well beyond election day. In our investigation, we analyze over 750,000 posts, comments, and replies over three years of conversations on the public Facebook page of "El Bronco." We analyze how rhythms of political communication between the candidate and users evolved over time and demonstrate that social media can be used to sustain a large quantity of civic exchanges about public life well beyond a particular political event.

Graphene active sensors have demonstrated promising capabilities for the detection of electrophysiological signals in the brain. Their functional properties, together with their flexibility as well as their expected stability and biocompatibility have raised them as a promising building block for large-scale sensing neural interfaces. However, in order to provide reliable tools for neuroscience and biomedical engineering applications, the maturity of this technology must be thoroughly studied. Here, we evaluate the performance of 64-channel graphene sensor arrays in terms of homogeneity, sensitivity and stability using a wireless, quasi-commercial headstage and demonstrate the biocompatibility of epicortical graphene chronic implants. Furthermore, to illustrate the potential of the technology to detect cortical signals from infra-slow to high-gamma frequency bands, we perform proof-of-concept long-term wireless recording in a freely behaving rodent. Our work demonstrates the maturity of the graphene-based technology, which represents a promising candidate for chronic, wide frequency band neural sensing interfaces. ; This work has been funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement No. 732032 (BrainCom) and Graphene Flagship Grant Agreements No. 785219 (GrapheneCore2) and 881603 (GrapheneCore3). The ICN2 is supported by the Severo Ochoa Centres of Excellence program, funded by the Spanish Research Agency (AEI, grant no. SEV-2017-0706), and by the CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya. R.G.C. is supported by the International Ph.D Program La Caixa-Severo Ochoa (Programa Internacional de Becas "la Caixa"-Severo Ochoa). This work has made use of the Spanish ICTS Network MICRONANOFABS partially supported by MICINN and the ICTS "NANBIOSIS", more specifically by the Micro-NanoTechnology Unit of the CIBER in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) at the IMB-CNM. This work is within the project FIS2017-85787-R funded by the "Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades" of Spain, the "Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)", and the "Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER/UE)". A.S. and G.S. were also supported by Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung [grant number 01GQ0440]. R.G.C. acknowledges that this work has been done in the framework of the Ph.D in Electrical and Telecommunication Engineering at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.