Spatio-temporal variations and trends of major air pollutants in China during 2015–2018
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 27, Heft 27, S. 33792-33808
ISSN: 1614-7499
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In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 27, Heft 27, S. 33792-33808
ISSN: 1614-7499
In: Waste management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology, Band 28, Heft 11, S. 2146-2160
ISSN: 1879-2456
In: World development: the multi-disciplinary international journal devoted to the study and promotion of world development, Band 78, S. 461-476
In: Land use policy: the international journal covering all aspects of land use, Band 69, S. 193-203
ISSN: 0264-8377
In: Air quality, atmosphere and health: an international journal, Band 15, Heft 4, S. 691-706
ISSN: 1873-9326
AbstractHeterogeneity between ambient and personal exposure to heavy metals has been documented. However, few studies have investigated potential health risks posed by inhalational exposure to airborne heavy metal(loid)s at the individual level. A total of 404 personal fine particles (PM2.5) samples were collected from 61 adult residents (aged 18–63 years) in Hong Kong during 2014–2015. Heavy metal(loid)s were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Among the analyzed heavy metal(loid)s, zinc (Zn) was the most abundant component in personal PM2.5, followed by lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and vanadium (V); cobalt (Co) and cadmium (Cd) were not detectable. Health risks of personal exposure to heavy metal(loid)s via inhalation were assessed for adults, including non-cancer risks that were characterized by hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). The results indicated that non-cancer risks of heavy metal(loid)s were attributable to Cu, with a 95th HQ value > 1. Arsenic (As) and hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] were also significant contributors to inhalation cancer risks (> 1 × 10−6) for the adult participants. Finally, we employed a Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the uncertainty associated with health risk assessment. The mean and median upper-bound lifetime cancer risk associated with inhalation exposure to carcinogenic heavy metal(loid)s exceeded the acceptable level (1 × 10−6) for adults. Traffic emission (including non-tailpipe exhaust), shipping emission, and regional pollution were significant sources of heavy metals. These findings suggest that emission controls targeting local vehicles and vessels should be given priority in Hong Kong.