Suchergebnisse

Dans les systèmes Store and Forward (S&F), le routage comme moyen d'optimisation a été largement étudie mais aucune règle générale n'a pu être établie. Des paramètres et des méthodes d'évaluation spécifiques à ces systèmes n'ont pas encore été définis. Jusqu'à présent seuls des critères appartenant aux réseaux traditionnels étaient utilises (temps, longueur de la route). Or la tolérance aux délais du réseau s&f minimise l'importance de ces critères. De ce fait, pour ces systèmes, il est nécessaire d'employer des mécanismes et des critères mieux adaptent à leurs caractéristiques. Cette étude a pour but de montrer que le routage dans les systèmes s&f peut être aborde a partir de perspectives nouvelles. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons une politique de routage pré calcule depuis la source. Nous présentons un état de l'art sur les systèmes s&f, leurs mécanismes et leurs scénarios d'application. Nous proposons un outil de calcul de routes pour un scenario de communications par satellite compose par deux constellations. Cet instrument est conçu à partir des techniques utilisées dans les systèmes de transport. Nous proposons ensuite un ensemble de nouvelles métriques pour le routage dans les systèmes s&f. Ces métriques permettent de caractériser le système s&f à partir de leur nature propre et d'établir des politiques de routage mieux adaptées à leurs conditions de fonctionnement. Enfin nous présentons les développements possibles dans cette thématique

A Monitoria Acadêmica (MA) no ensino de Anatomia Humana (AH) é uma ferramenta fundamental para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Durante a pandemia da COVID-19, o ambiente virtual foi a principal estratégia de ensino utilizada pelas instituições de nível superior para realização das aulas, bem como para a realização de outras atividades universitárias, como é o caso da MA. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a efetividade da MA remota versus MA presencial em relação ao desempenho dos discentes na disciplina de AH. Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo e quantitativo. Participaram do estudo 89 acadêmicos dos cursos de Educação Física e Fisioterapia. A coleta de dados no ensino presencial ocorreu no primeiro semestre de 2019 e, para o ensino remoto, a coleta de dados ocorreu no primeiro e no segundo semestre letivo de 2020. A comparação dos grupos foi realizada pelo teste ANOVA de uma via com post hoc de Bonferroni. O índice de significância mínimo adotado foi de p < 0,05. Nos resultados foi observado que a MA durante o ensino presencial se mostrou mais eficaz para o desempenho dos estudantes em comparação ao ensino remoto. Assim, pode-se concluir que a disciplina de AH, quando ensinada de forma remota, apresenta bons resultados para o desempenho dos estudantes. No entanto, em relação a MA, sua forma presencial se apresentou mais efetiva para o desempenho quando comparada a MA remota.
Palavras-chave: Monitoria Acadêmica. Anatomia. Ensino Remoto. Pandemia.
AbstractAcademic Monitoring (AM) in the teaching of Human Anatomy (HA) is a fundamental tool for the teaching-learning process. During the COVID-19 pandemic, virtual environment was the main teaching strategy used by higher education institutions to carry out classes, as well as to carry out other university activities, as is the case with AM. The aim of the present study was to verify the effectiveness of remote academic monitoring (AM) versus face-to-face AM in relation to student's performance in the Human Anatomy (HA) discipline. It was a descriptive and quantitative study. The study included 89 students from Physical Education and Physiotherapy courses. Data were collected for face-to-face teaching during the first semester of 2019, and for remote teaching during the first and second academic semesters of 2020. Comparison of groups was performed using the one-way ANOVA test with post hoc Bonferroni. The minimum significance index adopted was p < 0.05. In the results, it was observed that AM during face-to-face teaching was more effective for student's performance compared to remote teaching. Thus, it can be concluded that the HA discipline, when taught remotely, presents good results for student's performance. However, regarding AM, its face-to-face mode was more effective for performance when compared to remote AM.
Keywords: Academic monitoring. Anatomy. Remote Teaching. Pandemic.

Community leadership and participation by gay men and men who have sex with men (MSM) have been central to the response to HIV since the beginning of the epidemic. Through a wide array of actions, engagement of MSM has been important in the protection of communities. The connection between personal and community health as drivers of health advocacy continue to be a powerful element. The passion and urgency brought by MSM communities have led to the targeting and expansion of HIV and AIDS research and programming, and have improved the synergy of health and human rights, sustainability, accountability, and health outcomes for all people affected by HIV. MSM are, however, frequently excluded from the evidence-based services that they helped to develop, despite them generally being the most effective actors in challenging environments. Without MSM community involvement, government-run health programmes might have little chance of effectively reaching communities or scaling up interventions to lessen, and ultimately end, the HIV pandemic.

AbstractIntroductionTransmitted, or any pretreatment drug resistance (TDR, PDR) can compromise efficacy of first‐line antiretroviral therapy (ART). In Peru, genotypic resistance testing is not routinely performed before ART initiation, and estimated PDR prevalence prior to 2012 ranged from 1.0% to 4.7%. We aimed to update estimates of PDR prevalence in men who have sex with men (cis‐MSM) and transgender women (TW).MethodsWe obtained HIV sequences from three studies of ART‐naïve cisgender‐MSM and TW (n = 470) in Lima, Peru from 2013 to 2017, almost two‐thirds of whom had acute or recent infections. Sanger sequences of HIV pol were interrogated for surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRM) using the Stanford Calibrated Population Resistance (CPR) tool and scored for resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) with the HIVdb programme. We calculated binomial proportions and 95% confidence intervals. χ2 and exact or trend tests were used to examine predictors of PDR.ResultsSeventy‐seven (16.4%) individuals had PDR (95% CI: 13.2 to 20.0); most resistance was likely TDR since 63% were incident infections. SDRM were present in 9.8% (7.3 to 12.9). Resistance to any NRTI was present in <1% of individuals, while efavirenz resistance was present in 10% (6.9% to 12.4%). TW were not statistically more likely than cis‐MSM to have PDR (11.4% vs. 9.1%, p = 0.54). Age, incident versus prevalent infection, or residence district did not predict PDR. Prevalence of SDRM increased from 3% in 2013 to 21% 2017 within incident infections (p = 0.04), but not when including prevalent infections.ConclusionsPrevalence of NNRTI resistance in three studies of ART‐naïve MSM and TW in Lima, Peru reaches 10%. Because our study reports PDR in a population in which most acquired HIV recently, the overall prevalence of PDR, including previously treated persons, is likely underestimated. These results underscore the need for a nationally representative survey of PDR in Peru and consideration of non‐NNRTI anchored first‐line ART options. This study also represents the first evaluation of PDR in cis‐MSM versus TW in South America, and demonstrates that, although TW are at higher risk of acquiring HIV, they are at similar risk of acquiring a virus with resistance mutations.

AbstractIntroductionAdolescents living with HIV (ALWH) experience higher mortality rates compared to other age groups, exacerbated by the suboptimal transition from paediatric to adult HIV care, during which decreased adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and unsuppressed viremia are frequent. Care transition—a process lasting months or years—ideally prepares ALWH for adult care and can be improved by interventions that are youth‐friendly and address psychosocial issues affecting ART adherence; however, such interventions are infrequently operationalized. Community‐based accompaniment (CBA), in which laypeople provide individualized support and health system navigation, can improve health outcomes among adults with HIV. Here, we describe patient and provider perceptions of a novel HIV CBA intervention called "PASEO" for ALWH in Lima, Peru.MethodsPASEO consisted of six core elements designed to support ALWH during and after the transition to adult HIV care. During 2019–2021, community‐based health workers provided tailored accompaniment for ALWH aged 15–21 years over 9 months, after which adolescent participants were invited to provide feedback in a focus group or in‐depth interview. HIV care personnel were also interviewed to understand their perspectives on PASEO. A semi‐structured interview guide probing known acceptability constructs was used. Qualitative data were analysed using a framework analysis approach and emergent themes were summarized with illustrative quotes.ResultsWe conducted five focus groups and 11 in‐depth interviews amongN= 26 ALWH and nine key‐informant interviews with HIV care personnel. ALWH participants included males, females and one transgender female, and those with both early childhood and recent HIV infection. ALWH praised PASEO, attributing increased ART adherence to the project. Improved mental health, independence, self‐acceptance and knowledge on how to manage their HIV were frequently cited. HIV professionals similarly voiced strong support for PASEO. Both ALWH and HIV professionals expressed hope that PASEO would be scaled. HIV professionals voiced concerns regarding financing PASEO in the future.ConclusionsA multicomponent CBA intervention to increase ART adherence among ALWH in Peru was highly acceptable by ALWH and HIV programme personnel. Future research should determine the efficacy and economic impact of the intervention.