Suchergebnisse

As the United States and NATO redouble their efforts to restore stability to Afghanistan, the importance of Pakistan's role in the conflict has become increasingly clear. Pakistan's willingness to confront insurgent groups, however, has been inconsistent at best. In this article, the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Steve Breyman and Aneel Salman compare Pakistani counterinsurgency strategy under the presidencies of Pervez Musharraf and Asif Ali Zardari. Adapted from the source document.

The paper aims to extend the resource-based view to dynamic capability view under dynamic environment, by investigating the effects of three strategic orientations (i.e., customer, competitor, and technology) on firm performance mediated through dynamic capabilities. A sample of 180 pharmaceutical firms of Pakistan was drawn using simple random sampling. Data was collected through a self-administrated questionnaire and analyzed using the variance-based structural equation modeling. The findings demonstrated that customer, competitor, and technology orientations have both a direct and indirect relationship with firm performance. The study offers Pakistani pharmaceutical firms a better comprehension of their strategic orientations and demonstrates how the alignment of strategic orientations with dynamic capabilities may result in better firm performance.

Climate change is the hotspot of every political and economic debate around the world. Its impacts are severe, and developing countries are highly vulnerable. Greenhouse gas emissions are growing because of economic expansion and an ever-expanding population. Using a fully modified OLS estimator, this study evaluated the link between sulfur emissions (SO2) and economic indices in SAARC nations. In addition, the study included panel data from SAARC nations from 1975 to 2018. For the long-run connection between variables, the study used panel unit root and cointegration tests. The study also included a trend analysis to comprehend the dataset's monotone tendency. The findings signify that the GDP growth has negatively influenced SO2 emissions. Therefore, foreign direct investment, trade openness, electric energy production, and population growth positively relate to SO2 emissions. The SAARC countries will promote sustainable economic growth because GDP growth is not influencing greenhouse gases. The demand for energy in SAARC countries is growing by with increasing population and economic growth by integrating different economic corridors in the Asia region, which affects environmental quality through increased economic activities. All the nations need to increase renewable resources for energy generation; otherwise, the problem of the environment remains unsolved. SAARC countries need to change the goods mix in international trade and avoid dirty imports and exports to adopt market-based policies.

This study attempts to examine the relationship between Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions in Pakistan. Panel unit root, panel co-integration, and Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) estimators were employed to investigate the existence of long-run relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Trade openness (TO) and energy consumption (EC) with CO2 emissions in Pakistan from 1980 to 2014. The results show that GDP per capita have a significant positive effect on CO2 emissions. This implies that an increase in GDP per capita increases CO2 emissions and show a scale effect. The results also indicate the existence of long run positive relationship of energy consumption on carbon emission and negative relationship with trade openness and FTA. This research is helpful for policy makers to eliminate the negative impact by adopting appropriate policy instruments and promote Pakistan's trade in the international market.