N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Family farms in the region of Kolda, characterized by poverty, experiencing the drastic face changes in their social, cultural and technical. Agriculture being the main activity was less important because of the deterioration of the means of production. To cope and maintain social cohesion, new activities are highlighted because of the stability of the income they generate. Through traditional poultry farming, we intend to see the impact of these activities within the family farm. Specifically, how the improvement of traditional poultry farming makes it increased revenue, especially through women and durability in its new configuration, within the farm. To try to answer them, we used the concepts of family farm, system activities, innovation and sustainable livelihoods. We have also mobilized two projects that have introduced innovations related to poultry farming in the region of Kolda. The surveys were conducted at the farm level and recipients were sent to their various active members particularly the heads of families and dependents (men and women). It appears from these investigations that agricultural activities remain important, but those outside farming are becoming more over. Poultry traditional, long left stranded, knows a revival of interest especially with the stability of income provided for women who begin to have a financial role in the operation. With the support of projects, this activity is becoming more secure through better organization at the farm level and within umbrella organizations. This has resulted in improved and stable income poultry. Finally, we tried to demonstrate the sustainability of this activity within the family farm focusing on improvements to the human, social, physical, natural and financial as well as the involvement of politicians.
N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Family farms in the region of Kolda, characterized by poverty, experiencing the drastic face changes in their social, cultural and technical. Agriculture being the main activity was less important because of the deterioration of the means of production. To cope and maintain social cohesion, new activities are highlighted because of the stability of the income they generate. Through traditional poultry farming, we intend to see the impact of these activities within the family farm. Specifically, how the improvement of traditional poultry farming makes it increased revenue, especially through women and durability in its new configuration, within the farm. To try to answer them, we used the concepts of family farm, system activities, innovation and sustainable livelihoods. We have also mobilized two projects that have introduced innovations related to poultry farming in the region of Kolda. The surveys were conducted at the farm level and recipients were sent to their various active members particularly the heads of families and dependents (men and women). It appears from these investigations that agricultural activities remain important, but those outside farming are becoming more over. Poultry traditional, long left stranded, knows a revival of interest especially with the stability of income provided for women who begin to have a financial role in the operation. With the support of projects, this activity is becoming more secure through better organization at the farm level and within umbrella organizations. This has resulted in improved and stable income poultry. Finally, we tried to demonstrate the sustainability of this activity within the family farm focusing on improvements to the human, social, physical, natural and financial as well as the involvement of politicians.
N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Family farms in the region of Kolda, characterized by poverty, experiencing the drastic face changes in their social, cultural and technical. Agriculture being the main activity was less important because of the deterioration of the means of production. To cope and maintain social cohesion, new activities are highlighted because of the stability of the income they generate. Through traditional poultry farming, we intend to see the impact of these activities within the family farm. Specifically, how the improvement of traditional poultry farming makes it increased revenue, especially through women and durability in its new configuration, within the farm. To try to answer them, we used the concepts of family farm, system activities, innovation and sustainable livelihoods. We have also mobilized two projects that have introduced innovations related to poultry farming in the region of Kolda. The surveys were conducted at the farm level and recipients were sent to their various active members particularly the heads of families and dependents (men and women). It appears from these investigations that agricultural activities remain important, but those outside farming are becoming more over. Poultry traditional, long left stranded, knows a revival of interest especially with the stability of income provided for women who begin to have a financial role in the operation. With the support of projects, this activity is becoming more secure through better organization at the farm level and within umbrella organizations. This has resulted in improved and stable income poultry. Finally, we tried to demonstrate the sustainability of this activity within the family farm focusing on improvements to the human, social, physical, natural and financial as well as the involvement of politicians.
Ce rapport analyse les inégalités de revenu dans le bassin arachidier sénégalais, une des principales régions de production agricole pluviale du pays, qui concentre la plus une grande partie de la population rurale. Les données utilisées proviennent d'une enquête menée par le Projet d'Appui aux Politiques Agricoles (PAPA) auprès des producteurs de céréales et légumineuses. L'échantillon des producteurs du bassin arachidier compte 1770 ménages (dont 103 dirigés par des femmes). Le calcul du coefficient de Gini, l'analyse de sa décomposition par source de revenus et la caractérisation des sources de revenus ont permis de faire un état des lieux des inégalités. De façon globale, les résultats montrent un taux de pauvreté très élevé (90% des ménages en dessous du seuil de 598 FCFA (0,91€/équivalent adulte/jour) et des inégalités importantes : - En termes de revenus pour tout l'échantillon : le coefficient de Gini est de 0,44 (légèrement supérieur à celui du Sénégal qui était de 0,4 en 2011). Les revenus totaux annuels des 20% des ménages les plus riches sont dix fois plus élevés que ceux des 20% les plus pauvres. - Selon le genre du chef de ménage : un revenu médian par ménage significativement inférieur (407 500 FCFA/an contre 550 000) et un taux de pauvreté plus élevé (94% contre 89%) chez les ménages dirigés par des femmes (seulement 6% de l'échantillon). - Spatiale : il existe une hétérogénéité de revenu marquée entre département (3 fois plus élevés à Nioro qu'à Diourbel), mais ces inégalités inter-département sont plus faibles que les inégalités intra-département. Les inégalités sont également légèrement plus élevées dans les zones bénéficiant d'une pluviométrie moyenne plus forte. - En fonction de la qualité pluviométrique de l'année : on montre ici que les exploitations ayant connu en 2016 une pluviométrie meilleure par rapport à la moyenne connaissent un revenu médian et des inégalités de revenu plus élevés (+42% de revenu médian par rapport aux exploitations avec une année 2016 sèche et +17% d'écart relatif interquartile). Cet effet est encore plus fort si on s'intéresse uniquement aux revenus agricoles. Conformément à l'approche par les moyens d'existence, les inégalités de revenus se retrouvent également dans les principaux facteurs de production. Ainsi, les 20% des exploitations les plus riches ont une superficie 3 fois supérieure aux 20% les plus pauvres, elles ont également des meilleurs rendements agricoles dus notamment à une plus grande utilisation des intrants chimiques et du matériel agricole. Les plus riches ont également des revenus plus diversifiés même si les revenus agricoles restent dans tous les cas très majoritaires (part de 90% pour les plus pauvres contre 76% pour les plus riches) par rapport aux autres types de revenus (transferts, revenus non agricoles, revenus de l'élevage). Par ailleurs, l'analyse des élasticités Gini montre que seule une augmentation des revenus agricoles (en maintenant les autres types de revenus constants) permet de réduire les inégalités de revenus. La diversification des sources de revenus permet quant à elle de réduire les différences de revenus entre les zones de faible et de forte pluviométrie moyenne : on passe ainsi d'un ratio (revenu médian zone humide/revenu médian zone sèche) de 1,62 avec seulement les revenus agricoles à 1,14 en prenant en compte les autres sources de revenus.
Located in West Africa, Senegal is classified as a least-developed country that has historically had political stability and slow economic growth compared to the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, from 2012 onward, a new government has adopted new policies (infrastructure investments, liberalization of the groundnut sector and opening of the energy sector) to enhance economic growth and governance. Senegal thus experienced significant improvements in the period from 2012 to 2015. Future economic growth in Senegal can be significantly shaped by the energy sector regarding the recent oil and gas discoveries if the common resource curse can be avoided. The country is characterized by a poverty rate of 38 percent and fairly stable food security, with only 7.2 percent of the population being food insecure. However, some localized pockets of acute food needs remain. This is in part linked to agricultural production (the main source of income and labor), which depends highly on climatic hazards. Moreover, production resources such as land are highly vulnerable to climatic and anthropogenic factors. The country has a good access rate to electricity and safe water. However, access to electricity is unequal, with rural lagging behind urban areas. The country thus faces many challenges that threaten its economic growth: climate change and ensuring the accessibility and affordability of energy and land, which are key inputs to the main sectors of the economy such as agriculture. This report aims at investigating these interlinked challenges through a critical literature review. Results show that concerning land, its use and cover have hardly evolved over the past, except for agricultural land, which has significantly evolved from 1975 to 2013. However, the land has degraded a lot in the past several decades with up to 63-67 percent of the arable land being subject to land degradation due to climate hazards and its uses (e.g. population growth, Agro-sylvo-pastoral practices, wind and water erosion, salinization, bush fires.). Land degradation has multiple consequences, as it impacts livelihoods by limiting the availability of vital ecosystem services, increases the risk of poverty and translates into economic losses. Land degradation is estimated to cost 9 percent of the GDP annually (996 million USD). Concerning climate change, Senegal's climate is of the Sudano-Sahelian type, marked by the alternation of a rainy season and a dry season, whose duration varies according to the region. Rainfall and its characteristics (onset and duration) and air temperature are two factors that have changed significantly since the early 1950s and 1970s. Decreased rainfall, delayed onset of rains, reduced duration of wintering and higher temperatures have adversely affected agricultural production systems and have put some risks on food security, health and livelihoods. Projections in 2035 and 2050 will accentuate the negative impacts already observed. In the face of such challenges, several strategies have been undertaken at different levels (household, community, policy, research, etc.) to reduce the negative effects of climate shocks and land degradations. At the household level, strategies have mostly consisted of diversifying revenue sources through remittances and non-agricultural activities. At the community level, organizational dynamics have been strengthened and enabled to reduce the vulnerability of women and children, to increase access to climate information, and so on. Finally, policy responses have mainly consisted of Senegal's efforts to develop climate change adaptation and mitigation plans and strategies to protect the vulnerable key sectors from climate change and to contribute to emission reduction at the global level. The evaluation of key policies, the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution for climate governance, the PRACAS (for agriculture and food security) and land-use policies highlights the main factors for success and failure and identifies key challenges that the government of Senegal needs to pay close attention to in order to ensure greater policy design and implementation success in the future. The main challenges are related to governance, funding and monitoring and evaluation. In terms of governance, it is important to ensure the participatory design and implementation of the policies to foster stakeholders' ownership and thus facilitate their implication. As for funding, the key is to avoid building policy objectives based on unsecured funding by making realistic plans based on already secured funding (if possible, from the national budget). Finally, in terms of monitoring and evaluation, it is key to ensure the sustained availability of good-quality statistical data to allow better targeting of areas in which to intervene, better allocation of financial resources and better assessment of gaps, progress, and impact.
Located in West Africa, Senegal is classified as a least-developed country that has historically had political stability and slow economic growth compared to the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, from 2012 onward, a new government has adopted new policies (infrastructure investments, liberalization of the groundnut sector and opening of the energy sector) to enhance economic growth and governance. Senegal thus experienced significant improvements in the period from 2012 to 2015. Future economic growth in Senegal can be significantly shaped by the energy sector regarding the recent oil and gas discoveries if the common resource curse can be avoided. The country is characterized by a poverty rate of 38 percent and fairly stable food security, with only 7.2 percent of the population being food insecure. However, some localized pockets of acute food needs remain. This is in part linked to agricultural production (the main source of income and labor), which depends highly on climatic hazards. Moreover, production resources such as land are highly vulnerable to climatic and anthropogenic factors. The country has a good access rate to electricity and safe water. However, access to electricity is unequal, with rural lagging behind urban areas. [.] The evaluation of key policies, the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution for climate governance, the PRACAS (for agriculture and food security) and land-use policies highlights the main factors for success and failure and identifies key challenges that the government of Senegal needs to pay close attention to in order to ensure greater policy design and implementation success in the future. The main challenges are related to governance, funding and monitoring and evaluation. In terms of governance, it is important to ensure the participatory design and implementation of the policies to foster stakeholders' ownership and thus facilitate their implication. As for funding, the key is to avoid building policy objectives based on unsecured funding by making realistic plans based on already secured funding (if possible, from the national budget). Finally, in terms of monitoring and evaluation, it is key to ensure the sustained availability of good-quality statistical data to allow better targeting of areas in which to intervene, better allocation of financial resources and better assessment of gaps, progress, and impact.
L'enjeu alimentaire lié à l'augmentation démographique est au coeur des agendas internationaux de développement durable et nourrit les débats sur les transitions à entreprendre ou soutenir. Souvent défini en opposition à un modèle agro-industriel intensif et capitaliste, le modèle des agricultures familiales, ensemble de types d'exploitations et d'exploitants aux profils variés, reste difficile à considérer dans sa diversité du fait de sa constante évolution. Certains phénomènes restent peu étudiés, notamment la dynamique d'accumulation foncière d'exploitations agricoles identifiée dans certains pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Notre contribution, basée sur des enquêtes menées au Sénégal, vise à caractériser les profils et les modalités d'accès au foncier de 1399 exploitations agricoles, concentrant le plus de terres. À l'échelle de différentes zones agro-écologiques, nous mettons en évidence que les chefs d'exploitations agricoles possédant plus de 3 hectares sont majoritairement issus de la localité d'origine, cultivent des terres familiales et investissent dans l'agriculture des revenus issus de cette même activité. Globalement, ces exploitations agricoles ne semblent pas inféodées à une dynamique de gentrification, caractérisée par les investissements d'élites urbaines et rurales, souvent non issues du monde agricole, et faisant l'acquisition de terres grâce à des revenus non agricoles. Concernant les dynamiques foncières, les enquêtes montrent que la majorité des terres reste sous occupation coutumière bien que les territoires ruraux soient en constante évolution. Dans un contexte où les pouvoirs publics insistent sur les besoins d'intensification agricole, à travers la promotion de l'entreprenariat privé et du secteur agro-industriel, il est crucial d'avoir une bonne compréhension de la diversité des formes d'exploitations agricoles. Cela est d'autant plus nécessaire qu'une réforme foncière est en cours et qu'elle contribuera à redéfinir les contours du modèle agricole, entre volontés productivistes et exigences de durabilité et d'équité.
International audience ; The food issue related to population growth is at the heart of international sustainable development agendas and feeds the debates on the transitions to be undertaken or supported. Often defined in opposition to an intensive and capitalist agro-industrial pathway, the family farming model, which encompasses a set of farm types and farmers with varied profiles, remains difficult to consider in all its diversity due to its constant evolution. Some phenomena remain little studied, in particular the dynamics of land accumulation on farms identified in some sub-Saharan African countries. Our contribution, based on surveys conducted in Senegal, aims to characterize the profiles and modalities of access to land of 1399 farms, with the highest land concentration. At the scale of different agro-ecological zones, we show that the heads of farms with more than 3 hectares are mostly originating from the locality, cultivate family land and invest in agriculture income from this same activity. On the whole, these farms do not seem to be subject to a gentrification dynamic, characterized by investments by urban and rural elites, often not coming from the agricultural world, and who acquire land with non-agricultural income. With regard to land dynamics, surveys show that the majority of land remains under customary occupation although rural territories are in constant evolution. In a context where public authorities are emphasizing the need for agricultural intensification, through the promotion of private entrepreneurship and the agro-industrial sector, it is crucial to have a good understanding of the diversity of farm forms. This is all the more necessary as a land reform is under way and will help redefine the contours of the agricultural model, between productivity and the demands of sustainability and equity. ; L'enjeu alimentaire lié à l'augmentation démographique est au cœur des agendas internationaux de développement durable et nourrit les débats sur les transitions à entreprendre ou soutenir. ...
International audience ; The food issue related to population growth is at the heart of international sustainable development agendas and feeds the debates on the transitions to be undertaken or supported. Often defined in opposition to an intensive and capitalist agro-industrial pathway, the family farming model, which encompasses a set of farm types and farmers with varied profiles, remains difficult to consider in all its diversity due to its constant evolution. Some phenomena remain little studied, in particular the dynamics of land accumulation on farms identified in some sub-Saharan African countries. Our contribution, based on surveys conducted in Senegal, aims to characterize the profiles and modalities of access to land of 1399 farms, with the highest land concentration. At the scale of different agro-ecological zones, we show that the heads of farms with more than 3 hectares are mostly originating from the locality, cultivate family land and invest in agriculture income from this same activity. On the whole, these farms do not seem to be subject to a gentrification dynamic, characterized by investments by urban and rural elites, often not coming from the agricultural world, and who acquire land with non-agricultural income. With regard to land dynamics, surveys show that the majority of land remains under customary occupation although rural territories are in constant evolution. In a context where public authorities are emphasizing the need for agricultural intensification, through the promotion of private entrepreneurship and the agro-industrial sector, it is crucial to have a good understanding of the diversity of farm forms. This is all the more necessary as a land reform is under way and will help redefine the contours of the agricultural model, between productivity and the demands of sustainability and equity. ; L'enjeu alimentaire lié à l'augmentation démographique est au cœur des agendas internationaux de développement durable et nourrit les débats sur les transitions à entreprendre ou soutenir. ...
International audience ; The food issue related to population growth is at the heart of international sustainable development agendas and feeds the debates on the transitions to be undertaken or supported. Often defined in opposition to an intensive and capitalist agro-industrial pathway, the family farming model, which encompasses a set of farm types and farmers with varied profiles, remains difficult to consider in all its diversity due to its constant evolution. Some phenomena remain little studied, in particular the dynamics of land accumulation on farms identified in some sub-Saharan African countries. Our contribution, based on surveys conducted in Senegal, aims to characterize the profiles and modalities of access to land of 1399 farms, with the highest land concentration. At the scale of different agro-ecological zones, we show that the heads of farms with more than 3 hectares are mostly originating from the locality, cultivate family land and invest in agriculture income from this same activity. On the whole, these farms do not seem to be subject to a gentrification dynamic, characterized by investments by urban and rural elites, often not coming from the agricultural world, and who acquire land with non-agricultural income. With regard to land dynamics, surveys show that the majority of land remains under customary occupation although rural territories are in constant evolution. In a context where public authorities are emphasizing the need for agricultural intensification, through the promotion of private entrepreneurship and the agro-industrial sector, it is crucial to have a good understanding of the diversity of farm forms. This is all the more necessary as a land reform is under way and will help redefine the contours of the agricultural model, between productivity and the demands of sustainability and equity. ; L'enjeu alimentaire lié à l'augmentation démographique est au cœur des agendas internationaux de développement durable et nourrit les débats sur les transitions à entreprendre ou soutenir. ...
International audience ; The food issue related to population growth is at the heart of international sustainable development agendas and feeds the debates on the transitions to be undertaken or supported. Often defined in opposition to an intensive and capitalist agro-industrial pathway, the family farming model, which encompasses a set of farm types and farmers with varied profiles, remains difficult to consider in all its diversity due to its constant evolution. Some phenomena remain little studied, in particular the dynamics of land accumulation on farms identified in some sub-Saharan African countries. Our contribution, based on surveys conducted in Senegal, aims to characterize the profiles and modalities of access to land of 1399 farms, with the highest land concentration. At the scale of different agro-ecological zones, we show that the heads of farms with more than 3 hectares are mostly originating from the locality, cultivate family land and invest in agriculture income from this same activity. On the whole, these farms do not seem to be subject to a gentrification dynamic, characterized by investments by urban and rural elites, often not coming from the agricultural world, and who acquire land with non-agricultural income. With regard to land dynamics, surveys show that the majority of land remains under customary occupation although rural territories are in constant evolution. In a context where public authorities are emphasizing the need for agricultural intensification, through the promotion of private entrepreneurship and the agro-industrial sector, it is crucial to have a good understanding of the diversity of farm forms. This is all the more necessary as a land reform is under way and will help redefine the contours of the agricultural model, between productivity and the demands of sustainability and equity. ; L'enjeu alimentaire lié à l'augmentation démographique est au cœur des agendas internationaux de développement durable et nourrit les débats sur les transitions à entreprendre ou soutenir. ...
International audience ; The food issue related to population growth is at the heart of international sustainable development agendas and feeds the debates on the transitions to be undertaken or supported. Often defined in opposition to an intensive and capitalist agro-industrial pathway, the family farming model, which encompasses a set of farm types and farmers with varied profiles, remains difficult to consider in all its diversity due to its constant evolution. Some phenomena remain little studied, in particular the dynamics of land accumulation on farms identified in some sub-Saharan African countries. Our contribution, based on surveys conducted in Senegal, aims to characterize the profiles and modalities of access to land of 1399 farms, with the highest land concentration. At the scale of different agro-ecological zones, we show that the heads of farms with more than 3 hectares are mostly originating from the locality, cultivate family land and invest in agriculture income from this same activity. On the whole, these farms do not seem to be subject to a gentrification dynamic, characterized by investments by urban and rural elites, often not coming from the agricultural world, and who acquire land with non-agricultural income. With regard to land dynamics, surveys show that the majority of land remains under customary occupation although rural territories are in constant evolution. In a context where public authorities are emphasizing the need for agricultural intensification, through the promotion of private entrepreneurship and the agro-industrial sector, it is crucial to have a good understanding of the diversity of farm forms. This is all the more necessary as a land reform is under way and will help redefine the contours of the agricultural model, between productivity and the demands of sustainability and equity. ; L'enjeu alimentaire lié à l'augmentation démographique est au cœur des agendas internationaux de développement durable et nourrit les débats sur les transitions à entreprendre ou soutenir. ...
International audience ; The food issue related to population growth is at the heart of international sustainable development agendas and feeds the debates on the transitions to be undertaken or supported. Often defined in opposition to an intensive and capitalist agro-industrial pathway, the family farming model, which encompasses a set of farm types and farmers with varied profiles, remains difficult to consider in all its diversity due to its constant evolution. Some phenomena remain little studied, in particular the dynamics of land accumulation on farms identified in some sub-Saharan African countries. Our contribution, based on surveys conducted in Senegal, aims to characterize the profiles and modalities of access to land of 1399 farms, with the highest land concentration. At the scale of different agro-ecological zones, we show that the heads of farms with more than 3 hectares are mostly originating from the locality, cultivate family land and invest in agriculture income from this same activity. On the whole, these farms do not seem to be subject to a gentrification dynamic, characterized by investments by urban and rural elites, often not coming from the agricultural world, and who acquire land with non-agricultural income. With regard to land dynamics, surveys show that the majority of land remains under customary occupation although rural territories are in constant evolution. In a context where public authorities are emphasizing the need for agricultural intensification, through the promotion of private entrepreneurship and the agro-industrial sector, it is crucial to have a good understanding of the diversity of farm forms. This is all the more necessary as a land reform is under way and will help redefine the contours of the agricultural model, between productivity and the demands of sustainability and equity. ; L'enjeu alimentaire lié à l'augmentation démographique est au cœur des agendas internationaux de développement durable et nourrit les débats sur les transitions à entreprendre ou soutenir. Souvent défini en opposition à un modèle agro-industriel intensif et capitaliste, le modèle des agricultures familiales, ensemble de types d'exploitations et d'exploitants aux profils variés, reste difficile à considérer dans sa diversité du fait de sa constante évolution. Certains phénomènes restent peu étudiés, notamment la dynamique d'accumulation foncière d'exploitations agricoles identifiée dans certains pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Notre contribution, basée sur des enquêtes menées au Sénégal, vise à caractériser les profils et les modalités d'accès au foncier de 1399 exploitations agricoles, concentrant le plus de terres. À l'échelle de différentes zones agro-écologiques, nous mettons en évidence que les chefs d'exploitations agricoles possédant plus de 3 hectares sont majoritairement issus de la localité d'origine, cultivent des terres familiales et investissent dans l'agriculture des revenus issus de cette même activité. Globalement, ces exploitations agricoles ne semblent pas inféodées à une dynamique de gentrification, caractérisée par les investissements d'élites urbaines et rurales, souvent non issues du monde agricole, et faisant l'acquisition de terres grâce à des revenus non agricoles. Concernant les dynamiques foncières, les enquêtes montrent que la majorité des terres reste sous occupation coutumière bien que les territoires ruraux soient en constante évolution. Dans un contexte où les pouvoirs publics insistent sur les besoins d'intensification agricole, à travers la promotion de l'entreprenariat privé et du secteur agro-industriel, il est crucial d'avoir une bonne compréhension de la diversité des formes d'exploitations agricoles. Cela est d'autant plus nécessaire qu'une réforme foncière est en cours et qu'elle contribuera à redéfinir les contours du modèle agricole, entre volontés productivistes et exigences de durabilité et d'équité.
