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The international community has shown considerable interest in China's assertiveness in the South China Sea in recent times. The objective of this study is to examine the strengths and weaknesses that form the foundation of Chinese strategies, and decipher the underlying motives and strategies employed by China in its pursuits. The paper evaluates China's current position in the South China Sea and its effects on regional stability and global geopolitics. The findings reveal that China follows a holistic approach with significant infrastructure, diplomatic, and regional geopolitical gains. These efforts expose risks such as regional alliance tensions, international legal framework complexity and though rare but potential armed engagements.

Bibliography Entry
Hussain Awan SI (M), Sajjad. 2023. "South China Sea: The Chinese Approach." Margalla Papers 27 (2): 44-59.

This article discusses protest efforts undertaken by platform-based food delivery workers during the first wave of the pandemic. Following the lockdown, food delivery platforms were categorized as 'essential' to ensure that their operations continued. Several changes were made during this time to hiring practices, platforms diversified into providing grocery services and incorporating safety protocols to enhance customer 'confidence' in their services. The article starts by showing how the pandemic helped to strengthen the platform's position in the market on the backs of delivery partners' who were reliant on platform work as a means of livelihood. Though publicly glorified as 'superheroes', their remunerations were slashed during the pandemic, triggering a series of strikes. Since June 2020, workers across several cities have resorted to protest the worsening conditions of work. It gives an ethnographic description of two strikes that took place in June and Sept 2020 in Hyderabad. It then compares these two strikes to discuss workers' motivation or the lack of it to strike, the strike tactics used by them, as well as the responses of platform companies to the strike. I then focus on the structural and contingent factors which rendered worker's bargaining power weaker, despite them being providers of 'essential services'.

Algebra is blamed as an abstract way of thinking in mathematics learning. Writing equations from given text is a skill. Logical and step by step noting information help to write the correct equation. It is transferring text to symbols. This study aimed to investigate secondary school student's misconceptions in writing equations in algebra. 414 secondary school students enrolled at 4 Islamabad Model Schools of sector Islamabad was the sample of the study. A multiple-choice test based on 4 items was used as an instrument. The test has 4 statements and 4 options from which one is the correct answer and others are related to some misconceptions of students. Test was administered during their class. Student's response patterns were observed. Frequency percentages and ratios were used to analyze data. Two types of misconceptions "arithmetic process" and "missing reference" were identified in student's responses whereas the other three misconceptions "pro-numeral as unit", "addictive nature" and "changes" were not reported by students' responses. It is concluded that the main reason behind these misconceptions seems related to classroom practice. Students try to translate words into the arithmetic process to write an equation by given text. Further, they do not focus on reference terms given in text and they ignore/miss it while writing equations. It is recommended to the teachers they need to clear the concept given in word problems and give teach them with logic what is meant by which word in the problem. There is a need for focused classroom activities to overcome these misconceptions.

Zia ul-Haq, President of Pakistan (1977-1988), introduced Islam into the public and political realms. Once he grabbed power in Pakistan after ousting the elected government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Islam became his strategic choice to provide legitimacy to his military coup and to expand his role in the Muslim world. Since the independence of Pakistan, the state had used Islam on many occasions to serve its interests. The encouraging results in this respect further induced the state to use Islam more frequently to achieve its domestic and foreign objectives. Zia institutionalized Islam in every aspect of the Pakistani state and society. Religious nationalization was the cornerstone of the Zia regime's internal and external policies. The Islamization of the regime in Pakistan during the 1980s was the zenith of the state's gradual turn towards religion. Regional upheavals such as the Shi'a Islamic revolution in Iran and Soviet invasion of neighboring Afghanistan were incremental to continue Islam as a strategic asset in Pakistan's domestic and foreign policy. As a result, Pakistan became the launching pad both for the Middle Eastern Sunni Arabs monarchies and Iran's Shi'a clergy to furnish their political cum sectarian agenda that ultimately ravaged the Pakistani polity and society.

Zia ul-Haq, President of Pakistan (1977-1988), introduced Islam into the public and political realms. Once he grabbed power in Pakistan after ousting the elected government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Islam became his strategic choice to provide legitimacy to his military coup and to expand his role in the Muslim world. Since the independence of Pakistan, the state had used Islam on many occasions to serve its interests. The encouraging results in this respect further induced the state to use Islam more frequently to achieve its domestic and foreign objectives. Zia institutionalized Islam in every aspect of the Pakistani state and society. Religious nationalization was the cornerstone of the Zia regime's internal and external policies. The Islamization of the regime in Pakistan during the 1980s was the zenith of the state's gradual turn towards religion. Regional upheavals such as the Shi'a Islamic revolution in Iran and Soviet invasion of neighboring Afghanistan were incremental to continue Islam as a strategic asset in Pakistan's domestic and foreign policy. As a result, Pakistan became the launching pad both for the Middle Eastern Sunni Arabs monarchies and Iran's Shi'a clergy to furnish their political cum sectarian agenda that ultimately ravaged the Pakistani polity and society. Keywords: Identity, Islam, Iran-Saudi rivalry, Middle East, Sectarianism, Afghan Refugee

The purpose associated with this article is to explore the links of green human resource practices (GHRP) such as green capabilities building performs, green inspiration attractive performs and green worker participation performs on the environmental presentation along with the mediating role of governmental nationality activities towards the situation (GNAS). The employees of environmental sustainability and human resource departments are the respondents. The data that they were provided through questionnaires are analyzed by PLS-SEM. The findings show that green capabilities building performs, and green worker participation performs have a positive association with the environmental presentation while green inspiration attractive performs has a negative association with the environmental presentation. The GNAS has positive mediation among the nexus of green capabilities building performs, green inspiration attractive performs, green worker participation performs and environmental presentation. These findings are suitable for the upcoming researchers along with the policymakers for exploring this area in the future along with the policy development on the environmental presentation and green HRM.

Introduction: Pharmaceutical care provided by clinical pharmacists is defined as "the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life". It has been proven to be useful and helpful in improving the medication quality for both ambulatory and hospitalized patients with various diseases such as hypertension, asthma, dyslipidemia, heart failure, and tuberculosis. Objectives of the study: The basic aim of the study is to find the pharmaceutical care on clinical outcomes among hemodialysis patients. Material and methods: This study was conducted at Mayo hospital, Lahore during 2018. This study was a randomized, controlled, prospective trial with 6-month follow-up. The PC accentuates the motivation and patient education regarding the knowledge about the drugs, disease, lifestyle modifications, nutritional information, personal interview, and medication review. Results: A total number of 100 patients were recruited during the study. The baseline outcomes such as IDW, Hb levels, BP and medication adherence rate scores have not been significantly differ. The changes in the outcomes of IDW, Hb levels, BP, and medication adherence rate scores at different time intervals are given in the tables of the academic hospital, government hospital and corporate hospital data respectively in table 02. Conclusion: It is concluded that extra pharmaceutical care provided by pharmacist to HD patients can improve the overall clinical outcomes, such as the levels of FBG, HbA1c, TC, the target attainment rates of HbA1c and BP, and also medication adherences, which contribute greatly to therapeutic effect.

Purpose: This paper aims to explore the current chaotic condition of the Middle East that was fueled by the traditional competition between Saudi Arabia and Iran. s state and society in every field of life. Principal Findings: The paper argues that the Saudi-Iran's sectarian proxy warfare in the Middle East is a means to counter each other's regional influence that has adverse implications for the internal security of Pakistan that can destroy its economy as well. Methodology: This research is based on a qualitative approach and deductive method. The paper answers four main queries: To what extent the Iran–Saudi Rivalry a result of sectarian aspirations? How are both countries using proxy warfare methods in the region to realize their interests vis a vis each other? What is the role of external powers like the United States or Russia in proxy warfare? How does the competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia impact Pakistan? Applications: The study concludes that the outcome of the predicament in the Middle East has produced policy challenges for Pakistan vis-à- vis its relations with Saudi Arabia and Iran. The growing threats of sectarianism, violent extremism, domestic Polarization, and danger to the economic development of Pakistan make it an important player in this competition. Novelty: The traditional Conflict between Saudi and Iran affects the entire region of the Middle East. Sectarianism is one of the serious concerns of all Muslim countries today. It truly has both internal and external sources in other neighbouring Muslim states. Thus, this research provides an understanding to comprehend Pakistan's internal and as well as external problems.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is perceived as a major component of contemporary business policies. It is considered as a significant tool for business promotion and survival in the 21st century. The ideas of CSR (Welfare) and the business model, tobacco companies create a contradictory concept as it kills one-half of its chain users. Tobacco companies are strictly prohibited by international and local laws from the promotion of their products. In order to cope up with such strict laws, they start social initiatives. Hence, they take help from the idea of CSR. Through CSR they earned a soft image and entered in politics to influence public policy in their favour. This paper is an effort to discuss the real situation behind CSR initiatives of tobacco industry in Pakistan. Annual reports of Philip Morris Pakistan and Pakistan tobacco Company are analysed. Interviews of local companies' owners or officials, research papers, newspaper articles and related sites have been investigated to get the conclusion. Resultantly, this paper emphasizes on the CSR regulations and centralization. The findings also indicate that tobacco money is directly and indirectly used in politics in the form of CSR.

This article documents the experiences of childless Pakhtun women of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as narrated by them. These narratives present primary data on the most significant issue about which research studies are relatively scarce. This exploratory study drawing upon in-depth interviews of 45 childless women and 20 men in the 3 districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa through convenient purposive sampling techniques, presents a narrative of the physical and mental health and lifestyle behaviours of childless women and men currently within 25-60 years of age. Research findings indicate that childless women become more anxious about their social and economic security and hopelessness escalates as the end of childbearing approaches. Further, their self-esteem goes low and depression, anxiety, and grief goes up. Stigmatization, conjugal dissonance and stereotypical attitudes of society injure their selfidentity. This empirical study recommends more studies to be undertaken on the plight of childless persons.

The study aimed to investigate the changing culture of social engagement toward aged persons along with stereotypes that aged person be constrained in their contacts and engagement. Despite the fact that the society of Pakistan is rooted on the culture that dignifies the lives of aged person and place them on the high position of virtue but current reaction of the society is hostile regarding their engagement in terms of local community connections, religious connections and work connections by stereotypes that elderly are supposed to perform limited role. The study aimed to assess the level of social engagement, opportunities available and encouragement from different stake holder of society for the aged persons. In order to explore, the study targeted retired pensioners from government department across the south Punjab region by focusing all cadres of pensioner's i.e. Class-IV, Clerical Cadre and Gazatted. The study selected 400 retired pensioners (i.e. 302 male 98 females) from districts Multan, Khenewal, Bahawlpur, Rahim Yar Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan and Muzaffargarh of South Punjab, through stratified random sampling technique. The study used proportionate sampling technique in order to select true representatives of the population from each selected district. The study used self-constructed Social Engagement Scale for data collection through survey method and face-to-face interview schedule. The study concluded that aged persons deserve dignified life in the society. For this state should device the policies and their implementations as well along with society proactive role for those who had served their potential and still can add for the betterment of society as well. Keywords: Population ageing, Social engagement, Cultural influences

This study primarily focuses on developing an exclusive model, generally explaining the importance of international rivers in the relationships of the nations and particularly interlinked conflict over Kashmir and the Indus River. Conflict is a fact among nations caused because of disputed lands or un-decided borders linked to valuable resources or due to political and ideological differences. Historical differences between Pakistan and India especially about water distributions can leads them towards war. So far, they had fought three wars due to Kashmir's un-resolved issue and an upcoming one could be forecasted to control water resources originating from occupied Kashmir. According to the neo-realistic point of view, this study examines the conflicting interests among India and Pakistan, which are related to Kashmir, and claims that it is not just religious but also geographical as it is connected to the control of river waters. There is very limited significant research present that primarily focuses on this facet of India and Pakistan's relations. The current literature expresses their conflict as of ideological, cultural, and political nature. This model-based research addresses the relationship of water and other related sources to war and peace through a rational research method demonstrated by broadly observed data.