Suchergebnisse

In 1992, the Union of Concerned Scientists shared their 'World Scientists' Warning to Humanity' with governmental leaders worldwide, calling for immediate action to halt the environmental degradation that threatens the systems that support life on Earth. A follow-up 'Second Warning' was released in 2017, with over 15 000 scientists as signatories, describing the lack of progress in adopting the sustainable practices necessary to safeguard the biosphere. In their 'Second Warning', Ripple and colleagues provided 13 'diverse and effective steps humanity can take to transition to sustainability.' Here, we discuss how the field of conservation physiology can contribute to six of these goals: (i) prioritizing connected, well-managed reserves; (ii) halting the conversion of native habitats to maintain ecosystem services; (iii) restoring native plant communities; (iv) rewilding regions with native species; (v) developing policy instruments; and (vi) increasing outdoor education, societal engagement and reverence for nature. Throughout, we focus our recommendations on specific aspects of physiological function while acknowledging that the exact traits that will be useful in each context are often still being determined and refined. However, for each goal, we include a short case study to illustrate a specific physiological trait or group of traits that is already being utilized in that context. We conclude with suggestions for how conservation physiologists can broaden the impact of their science aimed at accomplishing the goals of the 'Second Warning'. Overall, we provide an overview of how conservation physiology can contribute to addressing the grand socio-environmental challenges of our time.

In 1992, the Union of Concerned Scientists shared their 'World Scientists'Warning to Humanity' with governmental leaders worldwide, calling for immediate action to halt the environmental degradation that threatens the systems that support life on Earth. A follow-up 'Second Warning' was released in 2017, with over 15 000 scientists as signatories, describing the lack of progress in adopting the sustainable practices necessary to safeguard the biosphere. In their 'SecondWarning', Ripple and colleagues provided 13 'diverse and effective steps humanity can take to transition to sustainability.' Here, we discuss how the field of conservation physiology can contribute to six of these goals: (i) prioritizing connected, well-managed reserves; (ii) halting the conversion of native habitats to maintain ecosystemservices; (iii) restoring native plant communities; (iv) rewilding regions with native species; (v) developing policy instruments; and (vi) increasing outdoor education, societal engagement and reverence for nature. Throughout, we focus our recommendations on specific aspects of physiological function while acknowledging that the exact traits that will be useful in each context are oftenstill being determined and refined. However, for each goal, we include a short case study to illustrate a specific physiological trait or group of traits that is already being utilized in that context. We conclude with suggestions for how conservation physiologists can broaden the impact of their science aimed at accomplishing the goals of the 'Second Warning'. Overall, we provide an overview of how conservation physiology can contribute to addressing the grand socio-environmental challenges of our time. ; National Science Foundation MacroSystems Biology program [DEB-DEB-1340856]; National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [IOS-1755055, 1951244, 2017949]; FutureMARES (Climate Change and Future Marine Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity, EU H2020) [869300] ; Published version ; K.R.H. was supported by the National Science Foundation MacroSystems Biology program (DEB-DEB-1340856). W.A.H. was supported by the National Science Foundation (grant #IOS-1755055). M.A.P. received partial support from FutureMARES (Climate Change and Future Marine Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity, EU H2020, award no. 869300). L.S. is funded by the National Science Foundation (grants 1951244 and 2017949).

25 páginas.- 8 figuras.- 2 tablas.- 66 referencias.- Additional supporting information can be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of this article. ; eaf water potential (psi(leaf)), typically measured using the pressure chamber, is the most important metric of plant water status, providing high theoretical value and information content for multiple applications in quantifying critical physiological processes including drought responses. Pressure chamber measurements of psi(leaf) (psi(leafPC)) are most typical, yet, the practical complexity of the technique and of the underlying theory has led to ambiguous understanding of the conditions to optimize measurements. Consequently, specific techniques and precautions diversified across the global research community, raising questions of reliability and repeatability. Here, we surveyed specific methods of psi(leafPC) from multiple laboratories, and synthesized experiments testing common assumptions and practices in psi(leafPC) for diverse species: (i) the need for equilibration of previously transpiring leaves; (ii) leaf storage before measurement; (iii) the equilibration of psi(leaf) for leaves on bagged branches of a range of dehydration; (iv) the equilibration of psi(leaf) across the lamina for bagged leaves, and the accuracy of measuring leaves with artificially 'elongated petioles'; (v) the need in psi(leaf) measurements for bagging leaves and high humidity within the chamber; (vi) the need to avoid liquid water on leaf surfaces; (vii) the use of 'pulse' pressurization versus gradual pressurization; and (viii) variation among experimenters in psi(leafPC) determination. Based on our findings we provide a best practice protocol to maximise accuracy, and provide recommendations for ongoing species-specific tests of important assumptions in future studies. ; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 751918-AgroPHYS; Marie Curie Fellowship (FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IOF-624473); ...