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Currently, they are attracting public attention and causing public resonance problems associated with the reassessment of the feat of the Soviet people in World War II. Various kinds of insinuations arise related to the denial of the persecution and mass extermination of Jews living in Germany, in the territory of its allies and in the territories occupied by them during the Second World War; the systematic persecution and extermination of European Jews by Nazi Germany and collaborators during 1933-1945. Practice shows that those guilty of Holocaust denial try to avoid criminal liability and influence judicial practice, referring to freedom of speech enshrined in Art. 5 Abs. 1 of the Basic Law of Germany. The purpose of the article. Investigate the institution of criminal responsibility for Holocaust denial in Germany. Based on an analysis of the norms of criminal law and judicial practice in Germany in specific criminal cases, investigate the difficulty of delimiting criminal liability for denying the Holocaust freedom of expression. Methodology and methods. For the purposes of this article, the author uses the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, diduction, as well as comparative legal, historical legal and historical comparative methods. Conclusions. After conducting a study, the author concludes that in Germany the issue of criminal liability for Holocaust denial is complex. The article points out the fact of heterogeneity of court decisions, analysis of judicial practice shows that this issue is resolved extremely ambiguously. Despite this, the author points out the high role of the legislator and the practice of law enforcement in shaping the right attitude to historical events, the high role of peoples in certain significant facts that are part of the foundation of historical and cultural heritage. Scope of the results. This work may be of interest to students of higher educational institutions, as well as graduate students interested in criminal law of foreign countries. The article can be used by teachers of law schools as an addition to the educational material.

целью статьи является проанализировать подходы германского законодателя и уголовно-правовой доктрины о системе Особенной части Уголовного кодекса Германии. Автор рассматривает различные точки зрения представителей германской уголовно-правовой доктрины по данному вопросу. В заключении делается вывод ; что Особенная часть уголовного права ФРГ как науки и отрасли права должна прежде всего базироваться на действующем законодательстве ; т. е. УК ФРГ ; и в том числе на нормах Особенной части. ; the article aims to analyze the approaches of the German legislator and the criminal law doctrine on the system of the Special part of the Criminal code of Germany. The author considers different points of view of representatives of the German criminal law according to the doctrine on this issue. In conclusion ; the Special part of penal law of Germany as a science and a branch of the law should be primarily based on existing legislation ; i. e. the criminal code of Germany ; including the rules of the Special part.

в статье рассматриваются проблемы ; связанные с реформированием норм об уголовной ответственности за мошенничество в Уголовном кодексе нашей страны. Дается общая характеристика составов ; связанных с мошенничеством и его видами ; предусмотренными разделом 22 Особенной части УК «Мошенничество и преступное злоупотребление доверием». На основании анализа германского законодательства делается вывод ; что при реформировании норм о мошенничестве в отечественном УК российский законодатель учитывал опыт УК Германии. ; the article deals with the problems related to the reform of the rules of criminal liability for fraud in the Criminal Code of our country. A general description of the corpus delicti related to fraud and its species referred to in section 22 of the Criminal Code «Fraud and criminal misuse of trust» are given. Basing on the analysis of German legislation it was concluded that while reformation of the rules of fraud in the national Criminal Code of Russia the legislator took into account the experience of the Criminal Code of Germany.

The widespread prevalence of terrorist crimes, as well as the problems of qualifying hostage taking and demarcation from related crimes, are currently relevant for scientific research. The theoretical and practical aspects contained in the norm on criminal liability for hostage taking have had a long and ambiguous history; they require studying the genesis of the norm on hostage taking and the practice of its application. The work contains only significant records of domestic jurisprudence, containing norms on criminal liability for hostage taking from origins up to the present. Methodology: deduction, induction, methods of synthesis, analysis, historical and formal logical research. Conclusions: 1. The history of the application of the norm on criminal liability for hostage taking is fraught with qualification problems at all stages. These problems are ambiguous and are expressed by the fact that the legislator, under the influence of external and internal factors, makes mistakes in the systematization and codification of the criminal law, often losing the line between the norm and related crimes. As for external factors, in our understanding they are also the norms of international law on hostage taking, which, influencing the national law of the USSR, went through the stages of their development, creating norms by trial and error. For example, the rule did not apply if the taking occurred within the same state and the hostage and the perpetrators were its citizens. 2. The analysis of official statistics starting from the single crimes of the Soviet period, the post-perestroika mass crime boom of the 90s of the last century caused by the political crisis, ending with the statistical recession and the relatively well-coordinated work of state structures of the 2000s allows us to conclude that there are calculus flaws. 3. The introduction of the category of public safety has led to a significant decrease in statistical indicators, due to qualifications through related crimes. In this regard, according to lawyers, the reduction in hostage taking has a technical or static character. This led to a proportional increase in qualifications in related crimes. Scientific and practical significance: The study presented in the article gives an ontological idea of the development of the norm, reveals the technique of law making in the design of the norm on hostage taking. The conducted research is based on the materials of judicial practice in specific criminal cases, which may be of interest to researchers of this norm. These examples show the presence of law enforcement errors in the qualification of terroristic crimes, which can be perceived by practitioners as educational material. The article can serve as a source of scientific information for students of law schools, graduate students and applicants, as well as for researchers involved in the study of the national criminal law of the Russian Federation

This article presents the author's research on the topical problem of qualification of crimes committed by medical workers. The author has formulated a number of proposals aimed at the comprehensive improvement of the criminal law and for effective enforcement. This work aims to study the issue of criteria for quality medical care and solving the problem of increasing the effectiveness of Russian legislation on liability for crimes committed by medical workers. Methodology and methods: the article uses the comparative legal research method, as well as the method of interpreting legal norms, which make it possible to better comprehend the institutions of criminal law and determine the main directions of their development. Conclusions: the problem of the presence of imperfections in the current legislation is relevant for study. Auto draws the attention of the scientific community to the fact that in this area there is still no clear idea of what is meant by quality medical care (service), as well as the necessary differentiation between deliberate and careless harm caused by the provision of medical care. Also, the author points to the lack of specificity of the concept of "medical error", as well as the lack of parameters for determining the legal personality for this type of employee. Scope of the results: this article may be of interest to students of higher educational institutions: bachelors, undergraduates, graduate students who study this area of criminal law, as well as this material may be of interest to teachers of law universities, can be used as a guide for the preparation of practical and seminars.

The author aims to conduct a study of the criminological characteristics of such a negative social phenomenon as cyber gambling. This social phenomenon was not chosen by chance as the object of research, it represents the most negative of all forms of addiction to computer games (including gambling). The purpose of the article: To reveal the concept of cybergambling from the standpoint of criminology, to highlight its main features, to identify the social groups most susceptible to this form of addiction. Methodology and methods: for the purposes of this article, the author has applied a wide range of general and specific scientific research methods. Including, along with analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, were used the comparative legal method, as well as the method of interpreting legal norms. Conclusions: summarizing the causes and conditions of negative social consequences arising from gambling addiction, the author identifies several groups of determinants and reveals their essence. As a result of the study, conclusions and general recommendations are formulated to eliminate the causes and conditions for committing crimes related to illegal gambling.

Одной из наиболее острых проблем российского государства сегодня является проблема молодежной преступности. Массовое распространение среди молодежи ценностей криминальной субкультуры является следствием полного отрицания сложившейся в обществе системы, а также основополагающих социальных и политических институтов. В рамках статьи представлены основные маркеры, позволяющие сделать выводы о возможной вовлечённости несовершеннолетних в криминальную субкультуру АУЕ. Представлена классификация маркеров вовлеченности по степени их выраженности (прямые и косвенные). Сделан вывод о значении маркеров для профилактики и противодействия вовлечения молодежи в криминальную субкультуру АУЕ. ; One of the most acute problems of the Russian state today is the problem of youth crime. The mass dissemination of the values of the criminal subculture among young people is a consequence of the complete denial of the system that has developed in society, as well as the fundamental social and political institutions. The article presents the main markers that allow us to draw conclusions about the possible involvement of minors in the criminal subculture of AUE. The classification of involvement markers according to their degree of severity (direct and indirect) is presented. The conclusion is made about the importance of markers for the prevention and counteraction of the involvement of young people in the criminal subculture of AUE.

Abstract
The paper considers the problem of the economic feasibility of cannabis legalization in the Russian Federation. The paper also analyzes attitudes towards cannabis legalization among 584 residents (291 female and 293 male, 18.8 ± 1.4 for men, 18.3 ± 1.6 for women) from two different Russian regions (with the highest (Republic of Khakassia, Chelyabinsk Region, Moscow Region, Amur Region, and Saint-Petersburg) and lowest (Chukotka Autonomous District, Nenets Autonomous District, Chechen Republic, Arkhangelsk Region, and Orel Region) per capita drug use in the Russian Federation). All participants were interviewed via the Internet. In the first stage, a keyword analysis categorized articles into medical (48 %) and non-medical (52 %) cannabis use, revealing varied perspectives on its benefits and risks. The second stage surveyed Russian citizens, indicating regional differences in attitudes toward cannabis legalization based on per capita drug use. The third stage conducted a PEST analysis, highlighting economic consequences and offering recommendations. Practical implications include the need for targeted prevention programs, effective curriculum modules, and collaborative efforts to address the complex challenges associated with cannabis legalization. The study found that the public attitude towards the legalization of drugs for non-medical purposes is negative. In regions with the highest per capita soft drug use, the legalization of non-medical cannabis is unlikely to cause an increase in the level of usage. Teenagers living in regional centers tend to be more engaged in trying and using cannabis (11.9 %) compared to other cities (8.8 %, p ≤ 0.05) and rural areas, where the rate of cannabis use was the lowest (5.4 %, p ≤ 0.05). This research underscores the importance of tailored interventions and educational strategies to address diverse attitudes toward cannabis legalization. The findings contribute valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and health professionals, guiding the development of informed approaches to substance use prevention. The recommendations emphasize the necessity of proactive measures, such as outreach programs and collaborative efforts, to navigate the multifaceted implications of cannabis legalization and promote overall societal well-being.