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Ultraviolet filters (UVFs) are emerging organic compounds found in most water systems. They are constituents of personal care products, as well as industrial ones. The concentration of UVFs in the water bodies in space and time is mostly determined by degradation and sorption, both processes being determinant of their bioavailability and toxicity to ecosystems and humans. UVFs are a wide group of compounds, with different sorption behavior expected depending on the individual chemical properties (pKa,Koc,Kow). The goal of this work is framed in the context of improving our understanding of the sorption processes of UVFs occurring in the aquifer; that is, to evaluate the role of biomass growth, solid organic matter (SOM) and redox conditions in the characterization of sorption of a set of UVFs. We constructed a conceptual and a numerical model to evaluate the fate of selected UV filters, focused on both sorption and degradation. The models were validated with published data by Liu et al. (2013), consisting in a suite of batch experiments evaluating the fate of a cocktail of UVs under different redox conditions. The compounds evaluated included ionic UV filters (Benzophenone-3; 2-(3-t-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)5-chloro-benzotriazole; 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-octylphenyl)-benzotriazole) and neutral ones (octyl 4-methoxycinnamatte; and octocrylene). ; We thank the reviewers for their comments and suggestions, which helped improve the quality of the manuscript. Financial support was provided by Spanish government, MONOPOLIOS PROJECT, RTI2018-101990-B-100 (MINECO/FEDER), MARADENTRO project (PCI2019-103425-WW2017), and Catalan government by the project 2017-SGR-1485 from Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can be affected by many risks. Those risks are related to different technical and non-technical aspects of recharge, like water availability, water quality, legislation, social issues, etc. Many other works have acknowledged risks of this nature theoretically; however, their quantification and definition has not been developed. In this study, the risk definition and quantification has been performed by means of "fault trees" and probabilistic risk assessment (PRA). We defined a fault tree with 65 basic events applicable to the operation phase. After that, we have applied this methodology to six different managed aquifer recharge sites located in the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Italy, Malta, and Israel). The probabilities of the basic events were defined by expert criteria, based on the knowledge of the different managers of the facilities. From that, we conclude that in all sites, the perception of the expert criteria of the non-technical aspects were as much or even more important than the technical aspects. Regarding the risk results, we observe that the total risk in three of the six sites was equal to or above 0.90. That would mean that the MAR facilities have a risk of failure equal to or higher than 90 % in the period of 2–6 years. The other three sites presented lower risks (75, 29, and 18 % for Malta, Menashe, and Serchio, respectively). ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can be affected by many risks. Those risks are related to different technical and non-technical aspects of recharge, like water availability, water quality, legislation, social issues, etc. Many other works have acknowledged risks of this nature theoretically; however, their quantification and definition has not been developed. In this study, the risk definition and quantification has been performed by means of "fault trees" and probabilistic risk assessment (PRA). We defined a fault tree with 65 basic events applicable to the operation phase. After that, we have applied this methodology to six different managed aquifer recharge sites located in the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Italy, Malta, and Israel). The probabilities of the basic events were defined by expert criteria, based on the knowledge of the different managers of the facilities. From that, we conclude that in all sites, the perception of the expert criteria of the non-technical aspects were as much or even more important than the technical aspects. Regarding the risk results, we observe that the total risk in three of the six sites was equal to or above 0.90. That would mean that the MAR facilities have a risk of failure equal to or higher than 90 % in the period of 2–6 years. The other three sites presented lower risks (75, 29, and 18 % for Malta, Menashe, and Serchio, respectively). ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)

In over three decades, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry has established itself as the premier reference source, providing sound and solid knowledge about environmental topics from a chemical perspective. Written by leading experts with practical experience in the field, the series continues to be essential reading for environmental scientists as well as for environmental managers and decision-makers in industry, government, agencies and public-interest groups. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)