Suchergebnisse

13 páginas, 2 figuras, 4 cuadros. ; [ES] La agricultura ecológica aparece, durante estos últimos años, como uno de los instrumentos de mayor relevancia para el fomento del desarrollo rural. Buena prueba de ello, es su presencia cada vez mayor en la formulación de las políticas agrarias de la Unión Europea. La agricultura ecológica en España, entre 1991 y 2000, ha experimentado un fuerte crecimiento, aunque la evolución ha sido irregular y su implantación en las diferentes comunidades autónomas muy desigual. En los próximos años está previsto que aumente, a un ritmo igual o superior, la superficie cultivada con prácticas ecológicas. ; [EN] Over the last few years organic farming has appeared as one of the most relevant instruments for promoting rural development. This is borne out in its ever-increasing presence in the formulation of land policies in the European Union. Organic farming in Spain shows a significant increase between 1991 and 2000. The introduction of organic farming has been irregular through time and its implantation is different in each Autonomous Region. Nevertheless rates of growth for next years are estimated to be the same than those for the period analysed. ; Peer reviewed

15 páginas, 3 figuras. ; In order to effectively formulate mitigation strategies and implement conservation measurements to counteract soil erosion, it is essential to objectively identify and quantify areas at risk. With the adoption of the European Union (EU) Thematic Strategy for soil protection, a first step is made towards adequate measures to combat soil erosion and other soil degradation processes. However, to provide an effective tool at European level, risk assessment methodologies should be harmonized (i.e. similar although adapted to local circumstances), providing criteria and standardized definitions of risk areas within the EU. This chapter provides an overview, evaluation and assessment of risk assessment methods of water erosion currently existing and applied within the EU, in the framework of the EU-funded RAMSOIL project (www.ramsoi1.eu). Only methods with an official status andlor those that are widely scientifically acknowledged were considered and included in this review. Information on RAMs for soil erosion was identified through both questionnaires and scientific literature review. Questionnaires were sent to scientists and policy makers in EU Member States and Nonvay. The methods were compared, based on five indicators such as scale, transparency, complexity, cost efficiency and ambiguousness, after which a final statement is made about their soundness, flexibility and acceptability, reflecting the potentials for harmonization. ; This study was carried out under the EU-funded RAMSOIL (Risk Assessment Methodologies for Soil Threats) Project (Contract 44240). More information is available at www.ramsoi1.eu. ; Peer reviewed

10 pages, 1 figure, 1 table, 60 references.-- Trabajo publicado en la Section 2: Country Reports.-- El volumen consta de 202 páginas.-- Meeting at Soil Survey and Land Research Centre Cranfield University, Silsoe, UK., que tuvo lugar del 21-22, abril, 1998. ; Meetings of European Union Heads of Soil Survey Organisations were held in 1989 and 1994 respectively. Both were followed by publication of monographs describing the state-of-the-art in each of the member countries (Hodgson 1991; Le Bas & Jamagne 1996). Limited progress has been made in Spain since then, except for a proposal for an ambitious macroproject (PNCTA), the prospects for which now seem somewhat uncertain. Readers interested in historical aspects of Spanish pedology and/or soil mapping can refer to studies by Díaz Fierros (1979 and 1997) Mudarra (1989 and 1994); Sunyer (1996), Ibáñez el al. (1991, 1997), Boixadera and Ibáñez, (1996) and Guerra, (1997). This paper describes progress in soil survey from 1994 to 1998 and provides additional information on monitoring and soil databases developed in Spain. Nevertheless, some Spanish soil databases arising from some initiatives in Pan-European programmes are not included in the discussion here due to their particular scope. The Spanish contribution to the ICP Forest programme, recently published on a CD-ROM that holds morphological, taxonomic and analytical information corresponding to 453 soil profiles, is a case in point (Montoya & López-Arias, 1998). ; Peer reviewed

Urban resilience (also referred to as city resilience) has become a strategic goal of city administrators. Given the diversity of threats and city contexts, managing urban resilience is a complex task that has been conceptualized as a process by the so-called urban resilience frameworks proposed during the last decade. But conceptualization is not enough: an urban resilience building process may last for months, even years, and needs to coordinate many different actors using different tools. Therefore, some type of tool support is required for process control. In this paper, we introduce a proposal for the operationalization of urban resilience processes based on the notion of process family. The notion of family allows to deal with the natural diversity of urban resilience, and its transformation into a process specification allows the enactment, monitoring and measuring of the process. We have applied our approach to the well-known Smart Mature Resilience framework.