Suchergebnisse

Phyllodactylus sentosus is an endemic saurian from Peru, which is categorized by the IUCN Red List and Peruvian legislation (DS N.° 004-2014-MINAGRI) as Critically Endangered. The aim of this study was to establish artificial incubation parameters in the species to increase the knowledge of its maintenance in captivity and to contribute to conservation programmes. Five eggs were artificially incubated from the clutches of three free-living gravid female individuals of P. sentosus kept in captivity. Incubation periods between 85 to 93 days were recorded, at an average temperature of 26 °C and relative humidity between 76 to 80%. ; Phyllodactylus sentosus es un saurio endémico del Perú, que se encuentra categorizado por la Lista Roja de la IUCN y la legislación peruana (DS N°004-2014-MINAGRI) como En Peligro Crítico. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer parámetros de incubación artificial en la especie para aumentar los conocimientos de su mantenimiento en cautiverio y que contribuya con programas de conservación. Se realizó la incubación artificial de un total de cinco huevos de las puestas de tres individuos hembras grávidas de P. sentosus provenientes de vida libre mantenidos en cautiverio. Se registraron periodos de incubación entre 85 a 93 días, a temperatura promedio de 26 °C y humedad relativa entre 76 a 80%.

Valparaíso was declared a World Heritage Site in 2003, thanks to its historical importance, natural beauty (large number of hills surrounding a picturesque harbor), and unique architecture (particularly, a mix of 19th century styles of housing). In essence, this paper focuses on a detailed and documented exposition of the process begun in 1998 that allowed the seaport city of Valparaíso to be listed as UNESCO World Heritage in 2003. The importance of this process lies on its positive impact amongst citizens and the rise of an increasing awareness regarding the preservation and conservation of their cultural endowment, both tangible and intangible. The process has positively effected change in political, social, legal, cultural, economic, and tourism-centered areas involved in the preservation of the city`s heritage, its potential and development. ; Valparaíso fue declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad en el año 2003, por su importancia histórica, belleza natural y una arquitectura única. Este artículo analiza los detalles de este proceso iniciado en 1998 y que culminó con el reconocimiento de UNESCO. La importancia de esta decisión beneficia también a la población de la ciudad, por cuanto se preserva y propende a la conservación del valor cultural propio de la ciudad. Este proceso tiene un segundo aspecto positivo, en términos de los cambios en materia de políticas, sociales, culturales y económicos, como en caso del turismo para que incluyan el valor de la ciudad en su propio desarrollo.

© 2017 by the Southern Political Science Association. All rights reserved. Dominant theories of counterinsurgency suggest that state forces must win over citizens to identify insurgents among them. Yet even where state forces are losing, polling shows consistently strong support for counterinsurgents. How can we explain this discrepancy? Dominant theories of counterinsurgency could be incorrect, or, as we posit, individuals systematically may falsify their reported preferences. This study builds on the intuition that individuals feel pressure to report consistently strong support for the military when asked directly, perhaps especially when they rely on an illegal organization or economy. We argue that this pressure decreases when individuals are asked indirectly, in a way that allows them to conceal their response. To assess, we randomize whether support for the military is measured directly and indirectly in a survey experiment in Colombia. We find lower rates of support with the indirect measure, and the difference is most pronounced in areas of insurgent control.

Dominant theories of counterinsurgency suggest that state forces must win over citizens to identify insurgents among them. Yet even where state forces are losing, polling shows consistently strong support for counterinsurgents. How can we explain this discrepancy? Dominant theories of counterinsurgency could be incorrect, or, as we posit, individuals systematically may falsify their reported preferences. This study builds on the intuition that individuals feel pressure to report consistently strong support for the military when asked directly, perhaps especially when they rely on an illegal organization or economy. We argue that this pressure decreases when individuals are asked indirectly, in a way that allows them to conceal their response. To assess, we randomize whether support for the military is measured directly and indirectly in a survey experiment in Colombia. We find lower rates of support with the indirect measure, and the difference is most pronounced in areas of insurgent control.

Ending civil conflict is difficult, particularly through political settlements. Conflicts now often occur in states with elections, and voters have sometimes been directly involved in the process, potentially in efforts to overcome elite divisions. Yet, according to evidence from the 2016 popular plebiscite in Colombia, referendums and other tools of direct approval by voters seem to amplify elite divisions and therefore are not a useful mechanism to strengthen peace processes in this way. Focusing instead on traditional elite-led negotiations that seek to satisfy each faction may have a better chance of producing signed settlements, although the Colombian case also suggests some alternative forms of inclusivity that may help increase the overall legitimacy of the process and improve the odds of implementation.

© 2017 by the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Ending civil conflict is difficult, particularly through political settlements. Conflicts now often occur in states with elections, and voters have sometimes been directly involved in the process, potentially in efforts to overcome elite divisions. Yet, according to evidence from the 2016 popular plebiscite in Colombia, referendums and other tools of direct approval by voters seem to amplify elite divisions and therefore are not a useful mechanism to strengthen peace processes in this way. Focusing instead on traditional elite-led negotiations that seek to satisfy each faction may have a better chance of producing signed settlements, although the Colombian case also suggests some alternative forms of inclusivity that may help increase the overall legitimacy of the process and improve the odds of implementation.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on national intellectual capital (NIC) in order to identify and compare the main models to measure and report IC at the country level and to examine the differences from and similarities to the IC approach for firms.


Design/methodology/approach
– A systematic literature review was carried out using three scientific databases and the five most important journals. Additional information was also reviewed. The search covered the period from January 2000 to December 2012. The models to measure intangibles were analyzed and compared using qualitative and quantitative techniques.


Findings
– The literature review shows that although such literature is still nascent and relatively scarce, there is growing interest in measuring, reporting, and managing IC for countries as a whole. NIC studies have been published in a small number of journals and more theoretical work is required. There are two main types of methods to assess and report on NIC. Despite the differences among models, their findings tend to converge.


Practical implications
– The information obtained contributes to the selection of models. This selection can be based on pragmatic considerations, such as the availability of data.


Originality/value
– There are several models to evaluate intangibles at the country level and different ways to measure them. The paper offers comparative information about the models to aid in selection for managing intangibles at the country level.