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In leisure counseling for the visually limited two objectives are suggested. The visually impaired client should understand and accept the phenomena of leisure and the role it plays in his life. The client should also develop a system of preserving and professing the leisure ethic in a society that may not encourage playful behavior. The study of anti-play messages by means of transactional analysis enables the client to gain an understanding of past "play" experiences and internalized messages regarding play. Assertive training presents a tool which will enable clients to effectively communicate their newly acquired leisure attitudes in such a way that the rights of others are not violated. Information is provided for the professional working with the visually handicapped, regarding experiences and techniques to be used in assertive training. Three basic behavior patterns of communication are defined in terms of leisure behavior. The elements of assertive training are presented so that the unique needs of the visually impaired individual may be met.

This book examines changes in the concept of literacy, including, specific characteristics of evaluating literacy, predictors of literacy efficiency, and ethical concerns. It also examines the implications and applications for instruction, assessment, and professional development.

Main description: Bringing an archaeological eye to an examination of human response to unpredictable environmental conditions, this volume develops a picture of how societies perceive environmental risk, how they alter their behavior in the face of changing conditions, and under what challenges the most rapid and far-reaching changes in adaptation have taken place.