Suchergebnisse

Problems with the treatment efficiency of domestic wastewater for the Ural Federal district have remained relevant for several decades. More than 55% of the total amount of contaminated wastewater originates from municipal wastewater utilities. Sectoral legislation reform, the development of private capital and tariff regulation have contributed to the long-term improvement of municipal wastewater utilities in solving modernization and environmental problems, including the involvement of different groups of stakeholders in this process. The existing methods and tools for assessing the achievements of key performance indicators in the field of domestic wastewater treatment are not representative, do not reflect the dynamic results; information turnover occurs with no publicity; and there is no possibility to compare results with similar companies in other districts of the Russian Federation, to identify and replicate the best practices. This paper proposes a methodical approach for wastewater treatment quality assessment conducted by water companies. The transition from the currently used indicator, the proportion of sewage samples that do not meet the accepted standards for allowable discharge standards (ADS), doesn't allow making an adequate assessment of the water companies' efforts in wastewater treatment facilities' modernization, towards indicators that take into account the multiplicity and frequency of ADS excess by effluent components, is suggested. The proposed indicators can be used in sectoral benchmarking, for assessment of the effectiveness of the environmental activities within wastewater utilities. The comparison and analysis of the indicators' dynamics can help identify and replicate the best practices used in the field of wastewater treatment processing, under conditions of availability of information to the professional community. Finally, this action will create significant progress for water companies on the issue of reducing negative environmental impacts. © 2018 WIT Press ; ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was supported by Act 211 of the government of the Russian Federation, contract No. 2.A 03.21.0006.

Energy recovery from municipal solid waste (MSW) is currently a key factor in waste management in Russia, as can be seen from the corresponding changes in the state regulatory framework. The paper presents a comparative assessment of different waste flow characteristics; it focuses on pre-treatment options and the method of subsequent thermal treatment. It reflects the basic method of untreated MSW incineration and other advanced technologies which have different levels of waste preparation. Step-by-step research has been carried out in a large Russian city in order to determine different technological approaches to recovering energy from MSW. The study included: 1) field studies of the composition and characterization of MSW; 2) laboratory studies of MSW thermal properties, i.e. moisture, ash content and calorific value; 3) several options for waste treatment schemes with equipment of different technical specifications; 4) analysis of material flow, energy flow and key substance flow according to these considered schemes. The research revealed that for all seasons a significant proportion of MSW (almost 40%) is represented by fines (below 50 mm). On average, the energy potential of MSW (the total content of waste paper, polymers, textiles, wood, multilayer packaging, leather, rubber, footwear) amounts to about 40%. It was found that MSW calorific value depends on fraction size, since screening (over 50 mm) is characterized by high moisture and low content of valuable components, compared to MSW greater than 50 mm in size. Pre-processing and treatment of MSW allows solid recovered fuel (SRF) to be obtained with a calorific value similar to brown coal. The energy balance of the process allows the conclusion that 33.8% of initial MSW energy potential is concentrated in residues from the sorting process, since it has a relatively low calorific value of 4.8 MJ/kg, but a high mass fraction of 47.9%. In the process of MSW treatment and solid fuel production, most of the chlorine and mercury (80% and 55% respectively) is removed by the rest of the sorting process. The data obtained in the study can be used in selecting the optimal option for energy recovery from MSW. © 2019 WIT Press ; ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The work was supported by Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation, contract № 02.A 03.21.0006.