Suchergebnisse

W refleksji nad politycznością prawa i prawoznawstwa wydaje się dominować pogląd, że polityczność poprzedza (chronologicznie lub strukturalnie) prawo. W konsekwencji to anta-gonizmy sfery polityki współkształtują prawo i jego zjawiska (praktykę prawniczą i prawoznaw-stwo). Teza o prymarności polityczności może być jednak poddana weryfikacji w drodze analizy zainicjowanej przez przewrotne pytanie o jurydyczne warunki, bez których nie jest możliwa po-lityczność par excellence. Refleksja nad ikoną Zoon Politikon odsłania warunek polityczności w postaci podmiotowości uczestników sfery politycznej, z kolei sięgnięcie po psychoanalityczną teorię J. Lacana pozwala uchwycić psychodynamikę upodmiotowienia "zwierzęcia mówiącego" (Zoon Logon Echon). Wprowadzenie zakazu (Symbolicznego zakodowanego w prawie) okazu-je się warunkiem sine qua non ludzkiej podmiotowości. Wedle Pierre'a Legendre'a we współ-czesnym społeczeństwie to dogmatyka prawnicza reprodukuje podmiototwórczy Zakaz, a zatem "montuje" człowieka: Homo Iuridius, i "ustanawia jego życie". Tym sposobem prawo i dogmaty-ka prawnicza ukazują się jako warunki powstania podmiotu (politycznego), a tym samym samej polityczności.

Artykuł jest oparty na etnograficznych badaniach terenowych i dotyczy działalności organizacji pozarządowych zwalczających prostytucję i sex-trafficking w jednej z indyjskich metropolii. Autorka twierdzi, że pracownicy organizacji konstruują obraz swoich beneficjentów jako ofiar patriarchalnej opresji w celu podkreślania dystynkcji klasowych pomiędzy nimi samymi (członkami klas średnich) a beneficjentami (członkami klas niższych). Dokonuje także analizy postrzegania Innego spoza systemu NGOsów. Na tej podstawie postuluje ona rozszerzenie granic orientalizmu (Buchowski 2006), gdzie Inny wpisywany jest nie tyle w dychotomię geografii wyobrażeniowej na linii "Wschód–Zachód" (Said 1979), ale jest konstruowany właśnie w oparciu o dystynkcje klasowe (Buchowski 2006).

AbstractEco‐city projects are becoming increasingly prevalent throughout the globe and are often marketed as 'new' urban environments focused on achieving sustainable urban living while promoting environmental–economic transitions towards a low‐carbon technological and industrial base. The article argues for the need to consider the thermal aspects of urban metabolism, while at the same time focusing on the link between individual buildings and eco‐city master plans and wider economic development strategies at a state level. In so doing, the article encourages critical analysis of eco‐city design and planning, while keeping a focus on the role of specific building structures within eco‐cities as examples of the intermeshing of what can be termed a 'political ecology of scale' which stretches from specific buildings' climatic characteristics, to the metabolic master plan for eco‐cities, to provincial, regional and state‐level plans for the integration of eco‐cities within wider economic and political development trajectories. The article focuses on Masdar, in Abu Dhabi, an eco‐city under construction at the time of writing.

The authors present financial aspects of the lives of the disabled living in the Lubelskie Voivodship in the context of age. All the data included are a result of empirical studies conducted in the rural areas. From the presented findings it ensues that the younger the age category of the respondents, the stronger the sense of the material wealth and higher economic status. The above attitudes are a result of better adaptation of the youth to the realities of everyday life and diversified sources of income. Taking this into consideration, it needs to be said that despite major economic problems the rural disabled face, we can observe systematic change in the awareness of this social group.

The pressure on water resources is continuously increasing in Europe. If a great deal of scientific knowledge is available in many fields, this knowledge is often treated in isolation. To support the scientific basis for integrated water management, the MULINO project, an acronym for MULti-sectoral, Integrated and Operational decision support system (DSS) for the sustainable use of water resources at the catchment scale, funded by the European Union, is currently executed. The purpose of the MULINO project is to provide a tool to improve the integrated management of water resources at the catchment scale, following the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD, J.O.CE, 2000). The DSS developed is a computer system based on hydrological modelling, multi-disciplinary indicators and multi-criteria evaluation procedures. The underlying design of the DSS is based on the Driving Forces-Pressures-State-Impact-Responses framework for reporting on environmental issues (EEA, 1999; OECD, 1993). One case study is the 700 km² Dyle catchment situated in the centre of Belgium (50°38N 4°45E) and part of the Scheldt basin. A coupling of an integrated hydrological model (SWAT: Soil and Water Assessment Tool, Arnold et al., 1993) with land use change modelling (SFARMMOD, Audsley et al., 1979) is developed in close collaboration with local end users and stakeholders. This work will provide a useful tool to analyse water resources management alternatives and to assist local managers in complex problems such as flooding, nitrate and pesticides contamination of waters, as to identify solutions for the implementation of the WFD at the catchment scale.

The purpose of the research was to identify the barriers to professional activity among disabled persons in the opinion of the disabled living in rural areas and in the opinion of their employers. We have examined 800 disabled respondents and 100 employers both from Lubelskie Voivodship. People with disabilities indicated the following reasons for inactivity: lack of jobs suitable for people with different levels and types of disability, the importance of place of residence and in this connection difficulties in getting to work; limitations resulting from the disability, inadequate education, and negative attitudes of employers towards persons with disabilities. Important was the fact that the surveyed employers also considered these factors the most crucial causes of the failure to undertake professional activity among the disabled.

Abstract. The derivation of the flood risk maps requires an estimation of maximum inundation extent for a flood with a given return period, e.g. 100 or 500 yr. The results of numerical simulations of flood wave propagation are used to overcome the lack of relevant observations. In practice, deterministic 1-D models are used for that purpose. The solution of a 1-D model depends on the initial and boundary conditions and estimates of model parameters based on the available noisy observations. Therefore, there is a large uncertainty involved in the derivation of flood risk maps using a single realisation of a flow model. Bayesian conditioning based on multiple model simulations can be used to quantify this uncertainty; however, it is too computer-time demanding to be applied in flood risk assessment in practice, without further flow routing model simplifications. We propose robust and feasible methodology for estimating flood risk. In order to decrease the computation times the assumption of a gradually varied flow and the application of a steady state flow routing model is introduced. The aim of this work is an analysis of the influence of those simplifying assumptions and uncertainty of observations and modelling errors on flood inundation mapping and a quantitative comparison with deterministic flood extent maps. Apart from the uncertainty related to the model structure and its parameters, the uncertainty of the estimated flood wave with a specified probability of return period (so-called 1-in-10 yr, or 1-in-100 yr flood) is also taken into account. In order to derive the uncertainty of inundation extent conditioned on the design flood, the probabilities related to the design wave and flow model uncertainties are integrated. In the present paper that integration is done whilst taking into account the dependence of roughness coefficients on discharge. The roughness is parameterised based on maximum annual discharges. This approach allows for the relationship between flood extent and flow values to be derived, thus giving a cumulative assessment of flood risk. The methods are illustrated using the Warsaw reach of the River Vistula as a case study. The results indicate that deterministic and stochastic flood inundation maps cannot be quantitatively compared. We show that the proposed simplified approach to flood risk assessment can be applied even when breaching of the embankment occurs, with the condition that the flooded area is small enough to be filled rapidly.

Abstract
The Canadian Arctic is warming at an unprecedented rate. Warming-induced permafrost thaw can lead to mobilization of aged carbon from stores in soils and rocks. Tracking the carbon pools supplied to surrounding river networks provides insight on pathways and processes of greenhouse gas release. Here, we investigated the dual-carbon isotopic characteristics of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) pool in the main stem and tributaries of the Mackenzie River system. The radiocarbon (14C) activity of DIC shows export of "old" carbon (2,380 ± 1,040 14C years BP on average) occurred during summer in sampling years. The stable isotope composition of river DIC implicates degassing of aged carbon as CO2 from riverine tributaries during transport to the delta; however, information on potential drivers and fluxes are still lacking. Accounting for stable isotope fractionation during CO2 loss, we show that a large proportion of this aged carbon (60 ± 10%) may have been sourced from biospheric organic carbon oxidation, with other inputs from carbonate weathering pathways and atmospheric exchange. The findings highlight hydrologically connected waters as viable pathways for mobilization of aged carbon pools from Arctic permafrost soils.

Abstract
Coastal communities are vulnerable to multihazards, which are exacerbated by land subsidence. On the US east coast, the high density of population and assets amplifies the region's exposure to coastal hazards. We utilized measurements of vertical land motion rates obtained from analysis of radar datasets to evaluate the subsidence-hazard exposure to population, assets, and infrastructure systems/facilities along the US east coast. Here, we show that 2,000 to 74,000 km2 land area, 1.2 to 14 million people, 476,000 to 6.3 million properties, and >50% of infrastructures in major cities such as New York, Baltimore, and Norfolk are exposed to subsidence rates between 1 and 2 mm per year. Additionally, our analysis indicates a notable trend: as subsidence rates increase, the extent of area exposed to these hazards correspondingly decreases. Our analysis has far-reaching implications for community and infrastructure resilience planning, emphasizing the need for a targeted approach in transitioning from reactive to proactive hazard mitigation strategies in the era of climate change.

The global pig industry is facing major pressure to improve animal welfare, driven by grow-ing public animal welfare concern, legislation, increased attention to corporate social re-sponsibility and global recognition of animal welfare through international agreements of major institutions such as the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO, 2016) and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE, 2014). European welfare legislation (EU, 2009) on sow stalls is now well established, and similar guidelines and commitments are being made by countries, wider food industry and major producers. These global societal and busi-ness commitments to better animal welfare will impact producers, so this project aimed to assess the economic viability of transition to group sow housing, how well the methods adopted deliver welfare, and what is making the transition work. Economic and animal welfare evidence was developed in partnership between agri bench-mark, based at the Thünen Institute of Farm Economics in Germany, and animal welfare sci-entists based at World Animal Protection, an international animal NGO. agri benchmark un-dertook assessments of economics and productivity, while World Animal Protection scien-tists delivered on farm animal welfare assessments. The case studies covered different forms of group sow housing in Brazil, Netherlands and Spain. Wherever possible, data was ob-tained to compare group housing with stall systems.