Suchergebnisse

Este artículo ofrece un balance historiográfico de la historia fiscal de Colombia en el siglo XX. La metodología delimita el campo de la historia fiscal y se concentra en investigaciones publicadas desde 1970 hasta 2018. Como resultado, se seleccionan 45 obras, analizadas desde una mirada de comunidades científicas, la cual destaca las preguntas o planteamientos de los autores en el marco de su contexto histórico, así como de sus principales hallazgos. Asimismo, identifica el enfoque teórico más destacado y el tema principal. En el análisis de contenidos, las obras fueron agrupadas en seis ejes temáticos: estudios sobre la primera mitad del siglo XX, tributación, política fiscal, deuda pública, regulación e instituciones fiscales y pensamiento fiscal. En cada eje se ofrece un breve balance que permite identificar áreas problemáticas en esta literatura y señalar algunas rutas para la investigación futura.

La Sabana de Bogotá vincula a la capital con una densa red de poblaciones tradicionales co­nurbadas. En esa circunstancia, el transporte masivo es una necesidad apremiante, que debe ser resuelta en el corto plazo con eficiencia y equidad. En ese ambiente surgió la propuesta de recuperar las antiguas líneas abandonadas del tren para implantar un nuevo sistema —fusión del tranvía urbano y del tren regional— nombrado oficialmente como RegioTram. En este artículo se considera la relación entre las condiciones hídrico-ambientales y el planeamiento del territorio. Se priorizó el análisis de la franja de terrenos urbanos y rurales adyacentes a la línea y a los beneficiados y afectados por el funcionamiento de RegioTram de Occidente. La existencia de sistemas hidroambientales es testimonio de los procesos de larga duración de la conformación geológica de la Sabana; en ellos suceden también fenómenos contingentes con los ciclos de inundaciones estacionales y periódicas que desbordan y afectan el balance hídrico de la planicie y la vida de la comunidad asentada en ese sector de la Sabana. A partir del manejo de cartografías, imágenes digitales e información oficial se contrastaron datos e información sobre la afectación del sistema hídrico-ambiental por la reutilización de la antigua vía férrea.

Basilico, Federica et al. ; Kinetochores, multi-subunit complexes that assemble at the interface with centromeres, bind spindle microtubules to ensure faithful delivery of chromosomes during cell division. The configuration and function of the kinetochore–centromere interface is poorly understood. We report that a protein at this interface, CENP-M, is structurally and evolutionarily related to small GTPases but is incapable of GTP-binding and conformational switching. We show that CENP-M is crucially required for the assembly and stability of a tetramer also comprising CENP-I, CENP-H, and CENP-K, the HIKM complex, which we extensively characterize through a combination of structural, biochemical, and cell biological approaches. A point mutant affecting the CENP-M/CENP-I interaction hampers kinetochore assembly and chromosome alignment and prevents kinetochore recruitment of the CENP-T/W complex, questioning a role of CENP-T/W as founder of an independent axis of kinetochore assembly. Our studies identify a single pathway having CENP-C as founder, and CENP-H/I/K/M and CENP-T/W as CENP-C-dependent followers. ; AM acknowledges funding by the European Union's 7th Framework Program ERC agreement KINCON and the Integrated Project MitoSys. FH is supported by the Bavarian Research Center of Molecular Biosystems and by a LMU excellent junior grant. ; Peer reviewed

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a virus that mainly infects goats and sheep causing significant economic loss in Africa and Asia, but also posing a serious threat to Europe, as recent outbreaks in Georgia (2016) and Bulgaria (2018) have been reported. In order to carry out the eradication of PPRV, an objective set for 2030 by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), close collaboration between governments, pharmaceutical companies, farmers and researchers, among others, is needed. Today, more than ever, as seen in the response to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic that we are currently experiencing, these goals are feasible. We summarize in this review the current vaccination approaches against PPRV in the field, discussing their advantages and shortfalls, as well as the development and generation of new vaccination strategies, focusing on the potential use of adenovirus as vaccine platform against PPRV and more broadly against other ruminant pathogens.

Large-scale RNAseq has substantially changed the transcriptomics field, as it enables an unprecedented amount of high resolution data to be acquired. However, the analysis of these data still poses a challenge to the research community. Many tools have been developed to overcome this problem, and to facilitate the study of miRNA expression profiles and those of their target genes. While a few of these enable both kinds of analysis to be performed, they also present certain limitations in terms of their requirements and/or the restrictions on data uploading. To avoid these restraints, we have developed a suite that offers the identification of miRNA, mRNA and circRNAs that can be applied to any sequenced organism. Additionally, it enables differential expression, miRNA-mRNA target prediction and/or functional analysis. The miARma-Seq pipeline is presented as a stand-alone tool that is both easy to install and flexible in terms of its use, and that brings together well-established software in a single bundle. Our suite can analyze a large number of samples due to its multithread design. By testing miARma-Seq in validated datasets, we demonstrate here the benefits that can be gained from this tool by making it readily accessible to the research community. ; E.A.-L. was funded by the European Union grant FP7-REGPOT-2012-2013-1. ; Peer reviewed

Se intenta establecer el impacto que tendría un sistema de provisiones anticíclicas parecido al que existe actualmente en España para el caso colombiano. Con métodos de simulación analiza los costos para las entidades de crédito y hace un estudio de cómo amortiguar las pérdidas durante fases adversas. ; The financial system's response to the various phases of the cycle is characterized by high credit growth during the upswing phase and its rationing during the downswing. This behavior is related to the financial system's tendency to underestimate the credit risk during the upturn and to overestimate it during the downturn phase2 . This wrong perception of risk creates distortions in the incentives for financial institutions to lend, makes credit excessively volatile, which negatively affects corporate and investment funding, and conveys a climate of instability, thereby transmitting the instability to the real sector. Furthermore, financial institutions generate high profits during the cycle upswing, which are distributed among their stockholders, to be followed by a crisis during the downswing, with the ensuing possibilities of bankruptcy, state intervention, or government support at the expense of the national budget. Thus, this argues for the need to set up an anticyclical provisioning scheme to lower profit volatility throughout the economic cycle.

High quality and culturally responsive early childhood education and care (ECEC) for young children before kindergarten is seen as a way to ensure that all children enter school ready to learn. ECEC is even more crucial in the context of recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and the disproportionate burden of trauma and stress borne by families of color in disinvested neighborhoods. Remote learning and repeated disruptions to in-person instruction as protocols shifted during waves of the pandemic placed an extra strain on families, and may have increased educational disparities in the U.S. Taken together, these challenges have implications for children's school readiness due to their impact on opportunities for learning at home and in the classroom. This paper explores how ECEC programs can be strengthened to better meet children's needs, and ways in which future research can shed light on these important issues.

The growth arrest-specific gene 1 (Gas1) protein has been proposed to function during development as an inhibitor of growth and a mediator of cell death and is also re-expressed in adult neurons during excitotoxic insult. Here we have demonstrated that the Gas1 protein shows high structural similarity to the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptors α, which mediate GDNF responses through the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret. We found that Gas1 binds Ret in a ligand-independent manner and sequesters Ret in lipid rafts. Signaling downstream of Ret is thus modified through a mechanism that involves the adaptor protein Shc as well as ERK, eventually blocking Akt activation. Consequently, when Gas1 is induced, Ret-mediated GDNF-dependent survival effects are compromised. ; This work was supported in part by grants from the Madrid regional government (to B. M.), the Direcion General Investigacion Cientifica Tecnica, and the Human Frontiers program (to J. R. N.). The Department of Immunology and Oncology was founded and is supported by the Spanish National Research Council and by Pfizer. ; Peer reviewed