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Resumen Este artículo propone el diseño de un sistema para el aprendizaje automático de ontologías e información léxica (System for Automatic Learning of Ontologies and Lexical Information - SALOX) para un Marco Ontológico Dinámico Semántico para la Web Semántica (Dynamic Semantic Ontological Framework for the Semantic Web – DSOFSW). DSOFSW interpreta consultas en lenguaje natural (español) para la Web, y está compuesta por cinco partes: una ontología lingüística para la gramática del español, un lexicón para la información léxica, una base de datos de hechos sobre el sistema de experiencias, una ontología de tareas para los procesos de análisis lingüísticos, y una ontología interpretativa para el contexto. SALOX integra varios métodos, enfoques y técnicas para la extracción de información, descubrimiento y actualización (pragmática (perfil de usuario, conocimiento de contexto), información léxica y de lingüística semántica, etc.) con el fin de actualizar el conocimiento usado para DSOFSW. SALOX tiene un componente que mapea las fuentes de aprendizaje con los métodos de aprendizaje, y otro que actualiza la ontología lingüística y el lexicón del DSOFSW. Específicamente, en este artículo presentamos el diseño de la unidad de aprendizaje de información léxica. Palabras clave: Procesamiento de lenguaje natural, semántica ontológica, aprendizaje de máquina, aprendizaje ontológico, web semántica.AbstractThis paper proposes the design of a System for Automatic Learning of Ontologies and Lexical Information (SALOX) for the Dynamic Semantic Ontological Framework for the Semantic Web (DSOFSW). DSOFSW interprets query in natural language (Spanish) to the web, and is composed by five parts; a linguistic ontology for the grammar of Spanish, a lexicon for the lexical information, a database of facts about the system experiences, a task ontology for the linguistic analysis process, and an interpretative ontology of the context. SALOX integrates several methods, approaches and techniques for information extraction, discovery and actualization (pragmatic (user profile, context knowledge), lexical and semantic linguistic information, etc.) in order to update the knowledge used for DSOFSW. SALOX has a component to map the sources of learning with the learning methods, and another to update the linguistic ontology and the lexicon of the DSOFSW. Specifically, in this paper we present the design of the learning unit of lexical information. Keywords: Natural language processing, ontological semantic, machine learning, ontological leaning, semantic web.

<p>Permeabilidade é uma propriedade de extrema importância para dimensionamento de diferentes tipos de obras de engenharia e é quantificada através do coeficiente de permeabilidade. Apesar do grande uso, ainda existem questionamentos sobre a melhor forma de determinação do coeficiente de permeabilidade. As principais questões são: (1) o tipo de método a ser utilizado e (2) a representatividade de amostras em solos tropicais. Neste contexto, objetivou-se neste trabalho a avaliação da permeabilidade de um solo laterítico, através da comparação de valores de coeficiente de permeabilidade determinados por ensaios in situ e em laboratório. Para tanto, escolheu-se o solo laterítico do Campo Experimental de Engenharia Geotécnica (CEEG) da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) e quatro equipamentos: permeâmetro de Carga Constante, permeâmetro de Carga Variável, permeâmetro de Guelph e Infiltrômetro. Os resultados mostram que, com exceção do permeâmetro de Carga Constante, todos os métodos apresentaram valor médio de coeficiente de permeabilidade da ordem de 10^-3 cm/s para coeficientes de variação de 37% a 92%. A heterogeneidade da estrutura do solo laterítico (em macro e microporos) é o provável condicionante da variabilidade encontrada.</p>

AbstractNational and international cooperation and development projects (CDP) are fundamental for peacebuilding. However, unforeseen global crises, like COVID-19, can endanger such projects, requiring rapid adaption. In Colombia, the coronavirus outbreak threatens to slow the implementation of peace-related projects, while simultaneously violence over control and ownership of land increases. Although the mid- to long-term consequences for peacebuilding are unknown, exploring risk-adapted strategies of national and international CDP can help identify crucial aspects for future processes and implementations. This study explores the key challenges and coping strategies of implementing agencies and stakeholders to COVID-19, thus helping to derive and improve risk-adapted strategies. After reviewing academic and grey literature, and implementing a semi-structured survey, peacebuilding risked-adapted strategies to COVID-19 are explored with respect to conflict-affected and vulnerable areas of Colombia. Findings show that increasing complexity rooted in top down governmental measures, the rise of new local power relations (e.g. armed groups, illicit activities), and social alienation are negatively affecting peacebuilding in Colombia. Future CDP risk adapted strategies should build on local interests and needs through public-private and environmental cooperation.

National and international cooperation and development projects (CDP) are fundamental for peacebuilding. However, unforeseen global crises, like COVID-19, can endanger such projects, requiring rapid adaption. In Colombia, the coronavirus outbreak threatens to slow the implementation of peace-related projects, while simultaneously violence over control and ownership of land increases. Although the mid- to long-term consequences for peacebuilding are unknown, exploring risk-adapted strategies of national and international CDP can help identify crucial aspects for future processes and implementations. This study explores the key challenges and coping strategies of implementing agencies and stakeholders to COVID-19, thus helping to derive and improve risk-adapted strategies. After reviewing academic and grey literature, and implementing a semi-structured survey, peacebuilding risked-adapted strategies to COVID-19 are explored with respect to conflict-affected and vulnerable areas of Colombia. Findings show that increasing complexity rooted in top down governmental measures, the rise of new local power relations (e.g. armed groups, illicit activities), and social alienation are negatively affecting peacebuilding in Colombia. Future CDP risk adapted strategies should build on local interests and needs through public-private and environmental cooperation.

AbstractAlthough social learning (SL) conceptualization and implementation are flourishing in sustainability sciences, and its non-rigid conceptual fluidity is regarded as an advantage, research must advance the understanding of SL phenomenon patterns based on empirical data, thus contributing to the identification of its forms and triggering mechanisms, particularly those that can address urgent Anthropocene socio-ecological problems. This study aims to discover fundamental patterns along which SL in natural resources management differs by identifying SL archetypes and establishing correlations between the SL process and overall geopolitical conditions. Using a systematic literature review comprising 137 case studies in the five continents, content analysis, and correlations were performed. Results show two main archetypes of social learning (endogenous and exogenous). Their occurrence was linked, to where social learning occurs and how venues/preconditions for social learning are placed. In the Global South, endogenous SL should be better potentialized as a catalyzer of deliberative processes for sustainable natural resources management.

Social cohesion plays a key role in processes of peacebuilding and sustainable development. Fostering social cohesion might present a potential to enhance the connection of natural resource management and peacebuilding and better functioning of sustainable land use systems. This contribution explores the nexus between social cohesion, natural resource management, and peacebuilding. We do so by (1) reviewing literature on the three concepts and (2) studying four different key action areas in the context of sustainable cocoa production for their potential to enhance social cohesion, namely (a) agroforestry; (b) cooperatives; (c) certification schemes; and (d) trade policies. Research is based on experience from cocoa production in two post-conflict countries, Côte d'Ivoire and Colombia. Our findings show that by fostering environmentally sustainable agricultural practices, these key action areas have a clear potential to foster social cohesion among cocoa producers and thus provide a valuable contribution to post-conflict peacebuilding in both countries. However, the actual effects strongly depend on a multitude of local factors which need to be carefully taken into consideration. Further, the focus in implementation of some of these approaches tends to be on increasing agricultural productivity and not directly on fostering cocoa farmers' wellbeing and societal relations, and hence a shift toward social objectives is needed in order to strengthen these approaches as a part of overall peacebuilding strategies.