Suchergebnisse

Brazil being a developing country and being exposed to politic, economic and social changes, national and internationally, growth has been a challenge and a goal not easy to accomplish. In two decades Brazil became, from an economic model for developing countries, the Third World's largest debtor with a total foreign debt of $120 billion. Basically the increase of the Brazilian foreign debt got out of control after the oil shock in 1974 with Brazil's necessity of making higher foreign loans added to the absurdly high interest rates. Different approaches were taken in a tentative to minimize foreign debt problem. In 1987 the moratorium was announced for an undetermined period of time when Brazil would not pay the interest owed to foreign private banks. As result Brazilian economy was. hurt as credit lines were canceled and investments declined. A better and seen by foreign creditors as a more positive approach was taken this year when Brazil declared the end of moratorium by returning to make interest payments. This led to a debt rescheduling accord between Brazil and foreign creditors. Another considerable important measure taken in order to guide the country back to its economic growth track was to establish the Debt-for-Equity Swaps Program. Even though Debt-for-equity swaps is not considered a solution for the- foreign debt problem it will bring back foreign investment to Brazilian economy and as a consequence economic growth which is very important in order to finance the country's debt. Positive and negative aspects related to debt-for-equity swaps program exist in the short- and long-term range. Control measures are being taken to avoid or at least minimize those effects and they are having good results. With new perspectives in mind foreign investors and Brazil can work towards a better Brazilian economy and therefore, towards a better World's economy.

RESUMO Este artigo analisou avanços na redução das desigualdades no Brasil durante o período de 2003 a 2015, para além da perspectiva de renda. Os dados refletem que, embora transformações relevantes tenham ocorrido, mesmo assim, o Brasil persiste como um dos países mais desiguais do mundo. Entretanto, ao colocar uma lupa nos dados de acesso a bens e serviços dos 5% e dos 20% mais pobres disponibilizados pela Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), os achados se contrapõem ao lugar comum de que só se promoveu acesso à renda e ao consumo dos mais pobres no período estudado, inexistindo alterações significativas no quadro de acesso a direitos básicos, políticas públicas de educação, saúde e de infraestrutura.

Las negociaciones comerciales bilaterales entre la Unión Europea y el MERCOSUR (Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay) empezaron en el 1995. Después de una primera fase de diálogo a nivel político, los dos bloques iniciaron en el 2001, las negociaciones sobre los bienes y servicios a incluir en el proceso de liberalización comercial, en cuyo marco se ha definido una primera lista de productos sensibles y en la cual los productos agrícolas tienen un lugar central. En ese contexto, el análisis comparativo de las políticas agrícolas de ambos bloques es de absoluta relevancia para entender la posición negociadora de cada uno, dado que las mismas se sustentan en los objetivos de política agrícola de cada socio y el tipo de instrumento utilizado para alcanzarlos. El presente trabajo retoma diversos estudios existentes sobre el tema y desarrolla el análisis bajo dos ángulos específicos: (i) por una parte, abarca la política agrícola en todas sus dimensiones, considerando con detenimiento los aspectos comerciales (acceso a mercados y medidas relacionadas con las exportaciones), pero haciendo también énfasis en las políticas de apoyo interno a la agricultura; (ii) por otra, se ubica en la perspectiva de las negociaciones bilaterales de libre comercio UE-MERCOSUR para identificar las medidas de política más relevantes para la negociación. El análisis desarrollado en este trabajo se sustenta en la información acumulada a lo largo del estudio por el IICA, la CEPAL y el CIRAD y lo aportado por la REDPA2, la que ha sido sistematizada en una base de datos desarrollada en la CEPAL.

Bilateral trade negotiations between the European Union and MERCOSUR (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay) began in 1995. After an initial phase of dialogue at the political level, in 2001 the two blocks commenced negotiations on the goods and services to be included in the trade liberalisation process. In this framework, a first list of sensitive products was drawn up, and agricultural products feature heavily on this list. In this context, in order to understand the two blocs¿ negotiating positions it is vitally important to have a comparative analysis of their respective agricultural policies, since these policies are based on each side¿s agricultural policy objectives and the kinds of instruments used to pursue these objectives. In this report we review different studies of the subject and undertake an analysis from two specific angles: (i) first, we cover agricultural policy in all its dimensions, with detailed consideration of trade aspects (market access and measures relating to exports), and with particular emphasis on internal policies to support agriculture; and second, we approach this question from the perspective of EUMERCOSUR bilateral free trade negotiations so as to identify the policy measures most relevant to the negotiations. Our analysis in this study is based on information gathered by IICA, ECLAC and CIRAD, and also REDPA's contributions, which have been systematized in a database developed at ECLAC.