Suchergebnisse

A extensão universitária é um processo educativo, cultural e científico, que articula o ensino e a pesquisa de forma indissociável, possibilitando uma relação transformadora na aquisição de habilidades importantes na futura prática profissional. Nesse contexto objetivou-se com este trabalho realizar uma análise sobre as atividades do Programa De Integração Da Universidade Ao Campo – PROIN, da Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Campus de Janaúba, situada no Norte de Minas Gerais, quanto às visitas feitas pelos alunos de Zootecnia de forma estratégica visando integrar o universitário à realidade rural, permitindo o aprimoramento técnico acerca das atividades práticas da graduação. O desenvolvimento das atividades e visitas do PROIN foram realizadas em diversos municípios de Minas Gerais no período de 2005 a 2019, com a participação de acadêmicos do 6°, 7°, 8° e 9° períodos de Zootecnia que visitaram fazendas leiteiras, haras, granjas, fábricas de ração, além de outros empreendimentos que estão relacionados diretamente à atuação profissional do zootecnista. As visitas tinham como proposito a interação dos estudante com a realidade do campo, de modo que os mesmos tinham a oportunidade da troca de saberes e conhecimento acerca das atividades rurais. Conclui-se que as atividades do Programa De Integração Da Universidade Ao Campo é de grande importância para formação dos alunos à futura vida profissional, permitindo-os de forma interativa a vivência das práticas de campo. Já para os produtores as visitas são importante devido a troca de saberes.

Objetivou-se com esta revisão demostrar os principais aspectos relacionados com o processo de ensilagem, abordando os pontos críticos que podem elevar a perda de matéria seca, trazendo ainda as técnicas mais utilizadas para aumentar a recuperação de matéria seca, melhorando assim a qualidade da silagem, contribuindo para uma produção animal sustentável. Buscou-se nas principais bases de pesquisa: Web of Science, Elsevier, PubMed, Science Direct e Google Scholar, artigos dos vinte últimos anos, que relatavam este tema com enfoque no processo de ensilagem com enfoque na recuperação de matéria seca e nutrientes, discutindo os processos que podem afetar, negativamente, a qualidade da silagem. Utilizaram-se palavras chaves para buscas dos artigos como: "ensilagem"; "aditivos"; qualidade da silagem"; "sorgo". O processo de ensilagem é complexo e pode ser influenciado por fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos, mas quando feito de forma adequada e utilizando as tecnológicas disponíveis, como: filmes plásticos, considerados como boa barreira de oxigênio e aditivos microbiológicos se pode reduzir as perdas, corroborando para melhor composição química bromatológica, reduzindo custos com alimentação e potencializando a produção animal. A silagem de sorgo surge como uma alternativa viável para a regiões áridas e semiáridas, em função de suas características agronômicas e seu bom valor nutricional.

Palavras chave: Aditivos. Estabilidade Aeróbia. Ensilagem. Perdas.

AbstractThe objective of this review was to demonstrate the main aspects related to the silage process, addressing the critical points that can increase the loss of dry matter, while also bringing the most used techniques to increase the dry matter recovery, thus improving the quality of the silage contributing to sustainable animal production. The main research bases were searched such as Web of Science, Elsevier, PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar, as well as articles from the last 20 years that reported on this topic with a focus on the silage process with a focus on the recovery of dry matter and nutrients, discussing the processes that can negatively affect the quality of the silage. Keywords were used to search for articles such as: "ensilage"; "additions"; silage quality"; "sorghum". The ensiling process is complex and can be influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, but when done properly and using available technologies, such as plastic films, considered as a good oxygen barrier and microbiological additives, it is possible to reduce losses, corroborating for better composition chemical chemistry, reducing feed costs and enhancing animal production. Sorghum silage appears as a viable alternative for arid and semi-arid regions, due to its agronomic characteristics and good nutritional value.

Keywords: Additives. Aerobic Stability. Silage. Losses.

O Encontro com Produtores rurais é uma ferramenta que pode ser utilizada para trocar experiências geradas nos Centros de Pesquisas com produtores rurais e técnicos de campo. Com base no exposto, objetivou-se por meio da prática do II dia de campo orientar e incentivar produtores agropecuaristas da região semiárida quanto ao uso de tecnologias de forma estratégica visando à melhoria da produção de leite. O II dia de campo foi realizado no Sítio Boa Sorte localizado no município de Verdelândia, região semiárida do Norte de Minas. O II dia de campo foi desenvolvido por meio de palestras técnicas sobre manejo, produção e utilização de silagem para bovinos leiteiros; Melhoramento genético de bovinos para produção de leite com ênfase na região semiárida; implantação, manejo e utilização de palma forrageira e capim-BRS capiaçu para bovinos; estratégias de suplementação volumosa para bovinos de leite; manejo e utilização de vacinas em bovinos. Houve participação de 409 produtores no II dia de campo, sendo a maioria pertencente aos municípios de Verdelândia, Jaíba e Janaúba. De imediato verificou-se a demanda por mais Dias de campo com a realização de palestras e orientações por parte dos produtores rurais. A recepção dessa extensão rural foi positiva de impacto na produtividade de leite na região regional. Detecta-se a importância da continuidade das palestras e orientações técnicas aos produtores da região semiárida do Norte de Minas Gerais.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of forage palm combined with different forages in the diet of F1 Holstein x Zebu cows, on the quality of Minas Frescal cheese. Two simultaneous 4 x 4 Latin squares were used in the experimental design. The treatments consisted of sorghum silage as the sole forage source; replacement of 50% sorghum silage by forage palm; elephant grass as the only forage source; 50% replacement of elephant grass by forage palm. Milk samples from each cow were analyzed for the chemical composition and the milk was pasteurized for cheese production. The gross and adjusted yields, texture, chemical and sensorial characteristics and fatty acid profile were evaluated. The chemical composition of the cheese was not influenced by the diets, as well as the sum of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, a lower stearic acid content was found in cheese from the milk of cows fed grass with forage palm and a lower value of conjugated linoleic acid for the diet with silage alone. In the consumer preference ranking test, the most preferred cheese was that of the sorghum silage diet and the least preferred was that of the sorghum silage/forage palm diet. In the overall impression, higher scores were assigned to cheeses of the treatments with exclusive silage or elephant grass. The replacement of 50% sorghum silage or elephant grass by the forage palm did not change the chemical composition of the Minas Frescal cheese, however, it modified the profile of fatty acids and decreased the acceptance and preference of cheese by the consumers.

This study aimed to evaluate the kinetics of dry matter degradation and neutral detergent fiber of banana peel treated with limestone. The banana peel has been acquired from a candy manufacturer that after washing with chlorinated water to 1% and pulp removal was discarded. The banana peel in nature was treated with 1, 2, 3 and 4% of limestone in the natural matter, homogenized and pre-dried in the sun for 120 hours. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design, with five treatments (0 (control), 1, 2, 3 and 4% inclusion of limestone) with 3 repetitions. The dry matter potential degradability, showed no difference (P>0.05) in the levels compared to the control with an average of 67.58%. The insoluble degradation fraction rate of dry matter and the fiber fraction did not differ (P> 0.05) between levels and control. In relation to effective degradability of neutral detergent fiber, there was an increase of 3.47% for each percentage unit increased limestone. In relation to the ruminal degradation parameters of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber is not recommended the utilization of limestone as an additive in the treatment of banana peel.

<p>We evaluated the physicochemical composition and fatty acid profile of milk from F1 Holstein <strong>× </strong>Zebu cows that were fed increasing levels of urea (0%, 33%, 66% and 100%, corresponding to 0%, 0.92%, 1.84% and 2.77% CP as NPN) as a substitute for soybean meal. Eight lactating F1 Holstein <strong>× </strong>Zebu cows producing an average of 10 kg of milk per day corrected to 3.5% fat, were placed in two 4 <strong>× </strong>4 Latin squares (4 animals, 4 diets and 4 periods). Each experimental period lasted 18 days. Milk samples from each cow were collected from morning and afternoon milkings and analyzed for composition and fatty acid concentration. Milk urea nitrogen increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing dietary urea. Other variables including fat content, protein, fixed mineral residues, lactose, total nonfat solids, acidity, density, casein, cryoscopic index, somatic cell count, and milk fatty acid concentrations, were not affected by treatment. Thus, urea provides a viable alternative to soybean meal that does not affect the characteristics of milk from primiparous F1 Holstein <strong>× </strong>Zebu cows, producing up to 10 kg of milk corrected to 3.5% fat day-1.</p>

Nas propriedades rurais da região semiárida, árvores caducifólias são utilizadas nos sistemas de confinamento, haja vista que as folhas dessa espécie atuam como barreiras contra a radiação solar, favorecem a ventilação, proporcionam sombra e reduzem a Tar; no entanto, durante a fase de terminação dos bovinos, coincidente com o período de seca, essas árvores perdem as suas folhas. Em função disso, o objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em caracterizar a vegetação caducifólia ofertada como sombreamento para bovinos na fase de terminação, durante o período de seca, na região semiárida. Para tanto, a coleta de dados foi realizada em uma propriedade privada e especializada na criação de bovinos, localizada no município de Janaúba (MG), durante os meses de agosto a outubro. No ambiente em questão, foram caracterizados dois ambientes: um a pleno sol e outro à sombra natural, por meio da avaliação de variáveis climáticas, além de parâmetros fisiológicos e comportamentais de 31 bovinos de corte anelorados. Os animais foram manejados em um único curral, onde foram expostos a um espaço integrado a pleno sol e sombra (árvores caducifólias – ambiente 2), e o cocho estava localizado no ambiente (ambiente 1) a pleno sol. Ademais, adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois ambientes e quatro períodos de avaliação (manhã, tarde, noite e madrugada), com cinco repetições (semanas em avaliação). Os resultados mostraram que as árvores caducifólias utilizadas como sombreamento para os bovinos de corte no sistema de confinamento não impediram a passagem da CTR devido à ausência de folhagem; mesmo assim, houve formação de microclima adequado para os animais em razão da evapotranspiração realizada pelas raízes que reduziram a temperatura do solo, e consequentemente, a FR dos animais. Por fim, constatou-se que a maior frequência de animais se alimentando ocorreu no período diurno, sob condições climáticas desfavoráveis, uma vez que o cocho estava sob o sol, enquanto a ruminação e o ócio ocorreram no período noturno, sob condições de conforto no espaço do curral, onde estavam as árvores caducifólias.

This study aimed to evaluate the best level of inclusion of crude glycerin in elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) silage on fermentative profile, chemical composition and ruminal degradation of dry matter and fiber fraction in elephant grass silages. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design being used elephant grass cv. Napier with four levels of inclusion of glycerin (1, 5, 10, 15% in natural matter) with six repetitions and the control treatment (exclusive silage elephant grass). Increasing linear effect was observed for each unit added glycerin percentage in natural matter (MN) an increase of 0.36% in the DM content of silages and increase of 0.32% in the ether extract. The fermentative quality of silage there was no difference in pH between the control silage and added with glycerine, with an average of 3.91. The degradability of the fiber, the addition of crude glycerin up to 15% increased by 7.2%; 53.8% and 36.5%, respectively, the insoluble fraction, but potentially degradable standardized "bp", degradation rate of the fraction "bp", "c" and effective degradability, respectively. Inclusion of 15% glycerin in natural matter improves the composition bromatological fermentative profile and ruminal degradation of dry matter and fiber fraction.

The aim of this study was to evaluate different levels of feed restriction in the diet for F1 Holstein x Zebu cows during the winter on performance and economic viability. Data from Zootechnical book keeping, and from experiments conducted in the Experimental Field of Felixlândia, belonging to EPAMIG, were used. Total lactation of sixty F1 Holstein x Zebu cows receiving different diets was analyzed, by 2.00%, 2.25%, 2.50%, 2.75% body weight (BW), and a control group (3.4%; no feed restriction), allowing 5% leftovers in relation to the dry matter supplied, distributed in a completely randomized design. Data on milk production and feed cost were collected, evaluating the different periods that characterize the lactation of an animal. The highest milk production was found in the diet levels 3.4 %, and 2.75% BW, 3,636.00, and 3,271.50 kg, respectively. Lower milk production was observed at levels of 2.50%; 2.25%; 2.00% BW, respectively. The highest feed cost was verified without feed restriction followed by the levels of 2.75%, 2.50%, 2.25%, and 2.00% BW. The supply of the no feed restriction diet resulted in a performance superior to levels 2.75; 2.50; 2.25; 2.00% BW. The items profit, profitability were similar between all treatments, indicating that, when there is occasional feed shortage, a restriction in the diet supply of up to 2% BW provides economic security to the rural producer.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of includingsun-dried banana peel in diets for F1 Holstein x Zebu cows on intake, digestibility and milk production. Diets were composed of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% replacement of sorghum silage with banana peel provided to 10 cows in two simultaneous 5 x 5 Latin squares, with the experiment divided into five periods of 16 days. The dry matter intake showed a quadratic effect with maximum level at 38.30% substitution as well as intake of crude protein expressed in kg-1 day and percentage of body weight, with maximum at the levels of 50.09 and 45.69% inclusion of the peel, respectively. The intake of neutral detergent fiber and the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and crude protein showed a decreasing linear effect. Variation in weight and body condition score, milk production and feed conversion were not affected. The replacement of 60% sorghum silage with banana peel represents a viable alternative as it causes no change in cows with average production of 16.49 kg milk with 3.5% fat day-1, reducing feeding costs.

This study aimed to evaluate the fermentation profile and nutritional value of millet grain silages rehydrated with whey and/or molasses. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replications, with a control treatment (water rehydration), whey rehydration, water rehydration plus molasses (2.5%), and whey plus molasses (2.5%). Lower values of dry matter content (DM = 66.37; 1.55%) were found for the control silage, but within the recommended range. The contents of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin and hemicellulose were not influenced by the use of additives. There was no difference (p>0.05) for aerobic stability and ammonia-N (6.04%) between treatments. For pH, lower values were observed for silages with molasses. There was a higher concentration (p <0.05) of lactic acid in silages with whey, and a higher concentration of butyric acid in silages added exclusively with molasses. The use of whey improved dry matter recovery compared to control silages. Higher dry matter degradability was observed with 8% rate of passage in silages added with molasses and/or whey in relation to the control.

The objective was to evaluate the productivity, chemical composition, ruminal degradability of dry matter and digestibility of BRS capiaçu grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) managed at five regrowth ages. A completely randomized design with ten replications was used in the BRS capiaçu elephant grass subjected to five cutting intervals (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days) in the summer, making a total of 50 plots with a useful area of 4 x 2 m. There were daily increases in the dry matter production in the order of 382 kg ha-1, with 49,859 kg ha-1 being produced at 150 regrowth days. The dry matter content and organic matter linearly increased (P < 0.01) at different regrowth ages. The crude protein content, in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber linearly reduced (P < 0.01) 0.037%, 0.196% and 0.256% per day, respectively. Potential degradability of dry matter decreased from 68.9% at 30 days to 44.7% at 150 regrowth days (0.194 percentage units per day). The rate of degradation of fraction B 'c' was not modified (P = 0.94), averaging 1.46% hour-1. In the cultivation of BRS capiaçu elephant grass in the summer season, in the northern region of Minas Gerais, the age for harvesting between 90 and 120 days of regrowth is recommended.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, pH and rumen degradability of banana tree pseudostems pre-dried and ammoniated with different doses of urea (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% in natural matter). The experiment consisted of five treatments (doses of urea) with six replications, following a completely randomized design. There was a linear increase in the pH (P < 0.01) of the banana tree pseudostems pre dried with the inclusion of urea. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in dry matter, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, non-fibrous carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients; the averages were 31.58, 18.82, 46.43, 9.30, 11.87 and 42.52%, respectively. The inclusion of 2% urea increased the crude protein content (P < 0.01) by 42.75%, the soluble fraction "a" by 31.82%, and the potential and effective degradability of dry matter by 15.49% compared to that of the control group (without urea). The potentially degradable fraction, time of colonization and ruminal repletion of the neutral detergent fiber of the pre-dried banana tree pseudostems were not altered with the inclusion of urea (P > 0.05). The ammonization of the pre-dried banana tree pseudostems with 2% of urea improved the chemical composition and rumen degradability of the dry matter.

Objetivou-se por meio de atividades extensionistas orientar e incentivar produtores da agricultura familiar da região semiárida do Norte de Minas Gerais quanto ao uso de tecnologias de forma estratégica visando aumentar a produção de leite e/ou carne ao longo do ano. O desenvolvimento das ações para os produtores familiares ocorreram nas cidades de Espinosa, Catuti, Porteirinha, Janaúba e Verdelândia a partir de Julho de 2017. A princípio, foram realizadas reuniões com a Secretaria de Agricultura do município e com as famílias produtoras, com a finalidade de interagir e explicar o papel da Unimontes no local, bem como a troca de saberes e conhecimento histórico, área local e a comunidade como um todo. Houve participação de 514 produtores rurais nas palestras discutindo manejo e uso da palma forrageira, BRS capiaçu e estratégias de suplementação para ruminantes. Houve participação de 214 produtores nas reuniões realizadas em Espinosa e 70 produtores na zona rural de Catuti. Detecta-se a importância da continuidade das palestras e orientações técnicas aos produtores da região semiáida com intuito de incrementar a produção animal/vegetal, a oferta de produtos de melhor qualidade e a fonte de renda dos envolvidos no sistema de produção.