Suchergebnisse

Introduction:The Bachelor of Nursing program, in an answer to international policies and strengthen links with the population. It has in its educational program the subject of Nursing Practice in Community Health, its students and teachers identify health risks in the community, they conducted a diagnosis of health, This is the first step in the process for planning a health intervention. The problems and needs of the population are factors and it has influence positively and / or negatively on the health status of the community. Methods and Materials:We conducted a field's investigation, a diagnosis of health in the community of TheBotho, in the municipality of San Agustin Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo. We identified risk factors of health. Results:BothoTownshiphas 352 of population, whom 193 are men and 159 women, representing 1.6% of population of the municipality of San Agustin Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo. The population of this town is rural and it shows an average degree of marginalization. The people have a range between from 20 to 30 years old, indicating that most of the population is economically active. The community has 22 professionals, with 6 people who made technologic career, 40 people have completed their high school, and 158 have elementary school. The water is carried in tubes to their house, rainwater is available and also through pipes. For human consumption, they use purification water, they always refer to consume treated drinking water. Sanitation in this community is not a common practice, there is a good waste management and also lacks entirely with access to public services for lighting, paving, and drainage and sanitation service system. The community has a Medical Home, which is staffed by a community health promoter. This person measure and record the blood pressure, injections. He/she provides of glucose testing and cures. For the supply of drugs, the town has a pharmacy at the suburbs of the community. The economically active population is 100 persons of both sexes; the minimum wage is 64 pesos per day. The economic activities of the population are: Trade, livestock, mainly agriculture. 96% of population always cleans their teeth and the results are 4% often clean their teeth only 1% said occasionally, so most of them have good oral hygiene habits. 50% of the elderly population has chronic degenerative diseases (diabetes and hypertension). 80% of women of childbearing age have definitive method of family planning. 4% of the population regards drinking alcohol and 2% of the population smoke. Conclusion and discussion:The recognition, protection and guarantee of human rights, including the right to health to the people, these rights have to go through a critical state and its social and political challenge exclusionary and hegemonic discourse of neoliberal policy of human rights; The same towns and communities as this study, must fight every day to make fundamental rights a reality and not harmed their health. The state is fundamental to compliance. It must ensure the protection and promotion of the right to health, has agreed to guarantee, however, to skip the gap between that is given in theory and in practice is done, it is necessary to promote and enforce just right health, both among the peoples and communities as civil society. Decision makers, planners and implementers of social policy, we must work for the benefit of the construction of an urgent intersectional in health policy with the participation of all. ; Introducción:El Programa de la Licenciatura en Enfermería, para dar respuesta a políticas Internacionales y fortalecer la vinculación con la sociedad, dentro de su programa educativo se encuentra ubicada la asignatura de Práctica de Enfermería en la Salud Comunitaria, en donde los alumnos y docentes identifican riesgos de salud de la comunidad, mediante la elaboracióndel diagnóstico de salud, el cual es el primer paso en el proceso de planificación de una intervención sanitaria, mediante el análisis de los problemas y las necesidades de cada población así como los factores que influyen positiva y negativamente sobre dicho nivel de salud. Métodos y materiales:Se realizó una investigación de campo, un diagnóstico de salud en la comunidad de El Botho, perteneciente al municipio de San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo. Se identificaron factores de riesgo para la salud. Resultados:El municipio del Botho cuenta con una población total de 352 habitantes, de éstos 193 son hombres y 159 mujeres, representando el 1.6% de la población total del municipio de San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo. La población de esta localidad es totalmente rural y muestra un grado de marginación media. Los habitantes están en un rango de edad de entre los 20 a 30 años, indicando que la mayoría de la población es económicamente activa. La comunidad cuenta con 22 profesionales, con 6 personas que realizaron carrera técnica, 40 personas han concluido el bachillerato, 104 la secundaria y 54 la primaria. El abastecimiento de agua es por agua entubada dentro de la vivienda y fuera de la misma, disposición de agua de lluvia y también por medio de pipas. Para el consumo humano, recurren a la potabilización del agua, por lo que refieren consumir siempre agua potable tratada. El saneamiento en esta comunidad no es una práctica común, no existe un buen manejo de desechos y tampoco cuenta en su totalidad con acceso a los servicios públicos de alumbrado, pavimentación, el sistema drenaje y servicio de limpia. La comunidad cuenta con una Casa de Salud, que es atendida por un promotor de salud comunitario, que presta servicios de medición y registro de la presión arterial, aplicación de inyecciones, dotación de vida suero oral, medición de glucosa y curaciones. Para el abastecimiento de medicamentos se cuenta con una farmacia a la salida de la comunidad. La población económicamente activa es de 100 personas de ambos sexos, el salario mínimo es de 64 pesos mexicanos al día. Las actividades económicas que realiza la población son: Comercio, ganadería, agricultura principalmente. Un 96% realiza siempre la limpieza de sus dientes, frecuentemente. Del 4% solo el 1% respondieron limpiar sus dientes ocasionalmente, por lo que en su mayoría tienen buenos hábitos higiénicos bucales. El 50% de la población de la tercera edad presenta enfermedades crónicas degenerativas (diabetes, hipertensión). El 80% de las mujeres en edad fértil cuentan con método definitivo de planificación familiar (OTB). El 4% de la población refiere ingerir bebidas alcohólicas y el 2% de la población fuma. Conclusión y discusión:El reconocimiento, protección y garantía de los derechos humanos, como el derecho a la salud a los pueblos, tendrá que pasar por un cuestionamiento crítico al Estado, sus políticas sociales y excluyentes, así como al discurso hegemónico de la política neoliberal de los derechos humanos; Los mismos pueblos y comunidades como la de este estudio, deben de luchar día a día para lograr que sus derechos fundamentales sean una realidad y no se vea perjudicada su salud. El Estado es fundamental en el cumplimiento. El debe garantizar protección y promoción del derecho a la salud, el se ha comprometido a garantizarlo, sin embargo, para saltar el vacío entre lo que se da en la teoría y se hace en la práctica, es necesario el promover y exigir el justo derecho a la salud, tanto entre los pueblos y comunidades como con la sociedad civil. Tomadores de decisiones, planeadores y ejecutores de las políticas sociales, debemos trabajar en beneficio de la construcción de una urgente política intersectorial en salud con la participación de todos

Strategic planning, is an administrative process that helps the managers of the organization to design objectives and high contribution strategies that allow them to achieve their Vision and Mission. Within this process of Strategic Planning, managers collect, analyze and synthesize the most relevant information of the internal environment (results, finances, collaborators, technology, operation, administration, etc.) and the external environment (clients, markets, products, competitors, political, economic and social aspects, etc.) in which the company or organization is immersed. The Strategic Plan is like the DNA of the human being that, amazingly, tells the human body when and how to grow.The management began to demand the planning of the tasks to be fulfilled, with a manager who analyzed how and when to execute them. In this way, the strategic planning specialized in what to do (the strategies) to achieve the objectives pursued in terms of the opportunities and threats offered by the environment. In this sense, it is important that all people linked to the management can develop their knowledge and understand exactly the needs of the organization, so that strategic planning allows them to interact with a dynamic and constantly evolving world. This can be done in public or private organizations, as well as in organizations that are dedicated to education. ; La planeación estratégica, es un proceso administrativo que le ayuda a los directivos de la organización a diseñar objetivos y estrategias de alta contribución que les permita alcanzar su Visión y su Misión. Dentro de este proceso de Planeación Estratégica los directivos recopilan, analizan y sintetizan la información más relevante del medio ambiente interno (resultados, finanzas, colaboradores, tecnología, operación, administración, etc.) y del medio ambiente externo (clientes, mercados, productos, competidores, aspectos políticos, económicos y sociales, etc.) en que vive inmersa la empresa u organización. El Plan Estratégico es como el ADN del ser humano que, de manera asombrosa, le indica al cuerpo humano cuándo y cómo crecer.La gestión o management comenzó a exigir la planificación de las tareas a cumplir, con un gerente que analizaba cómo y cuándo ejecutarlas. De esta forma, la planeación estratégica se especializó en qué hacer (las estrategias) para alcanzar los objetivos perseguidos en función de las oportunidades y amenazas que ofrece el entorno. En este sentido, es importante que todas las personas vinculadas a la gerencia puedan desarrollar sus conocimientos y comprender con exactitud las necesidades de la organización, para que la planeación estratégica les permita interactuar con un mundo dinámico y en constante evolución. Esto se puede llevar a cabo en organizaciones públicas o privadas, así como en organizaciones que se dediquen a la educación.

An educational model is especially something to be compared, to achieve a paradigm and a practical guide to guide the behavior of those involved in educational and administrative goals of the institution. The educational model forms a state of permanent reference which nouns and adjectives processes of the University, originating at the ends of education given in the Constitution, are described in the Education Act and are raised, framed to be Fulfilled in the organic law of the University statutes, regulations, and generally, the systems that regulate and indict. The educational model, despite its complexity and length, should be considered first as an indicative standard of the institution, but also as the sum of the accepted customs, unwritten codes of conduct and a way of being politically quirky conferred a distinctive college seal. The Dimensions of Model Following the definitions and conditions above, the educational model is made and harmonizes with what has been called "Dimensions", as if his background and his form had an almost geometric connotation, indicating the direction of the actions and covers the hallmarks of a whole, as an integrated whole. To achieve different approaches, containing the reasons for philosophical, educational, social, regulatory, political and operational with the educational work of the University is built adopting. The conformation of the model in dimensions is performed by the need to consolidate into one conceptual base of knowledge articulated objects that make up the essence and University activities. Accordingly, each dimension is used to group correlated and ideas that support the results. A dimension is a conceptual map that locates and lists the primary objects, ideas, ways to access them; functions and processes; subjects to apply as social entities (students and teachers) and linked to the means to apprehend knowledge; references to its scope and characteristics obey a default order and delimited; and the rules and decisions to achieve it, coupled with the resources and procedures for practice and operations. Philosophical Dimension: Institutional and educational philosophy as a starting point of the educational model, education as a product of human thought Pedagogical Dimension: It is stated, as a reference, the adoption of pedagogical and psychological potentialities associated with the current purposes of the university. Sociological Dimension: express the basics to sustain, in the sociological field, a comprehensive look at the corporate level, starting from the premise that the university, being the product of society, is a public good, a social heritage; and both his corporeal expression or material as intangible or spiritual, is the product of men and serves them. The Legal Dimension: presents the legal structure of the University. Here the bodies of rules derived from two guiding principles of the institution are: a culture of respect for the law: justice and truth, of which the Legal Dimension considers another fundamental principle is clear. The Political Dimension: represents the summary of the policy wisdom of the institution, its ability to develop networks of concepts to establish lines of congruence between the guiding principles, settled in the Philosophical Dimension; the plot of educational theory, methods, and academic and administrative processes of the academic work. The last operational dimension of the Dimensions Educational Model poses institutional conditions to be created to synthesize and guide the efforts of the University, around the transition from reality to a stage of full development, while searching for the desired future scenarios will be guided by the Mission and Vision towards the light of the educational model. ; Un modelo educativo es sobre todo, algo con que compararse, un paradigma por alcanzar y una guía práctica para orientar el comportamiento de quienes participan en los hechos educativos y administrativos de la institución. El Modelo Educativo conforma un estado de referencia permanente sobre el cual se articulan los procesos sustantivos y adjetivos de la Universidad, que parten de los fines de la educación propuestos en la Constitución, se describen en la Ley General de Educación y son planteados, para ser cumplidos, en la ley orgánica de la Universidad, sus estatutos, reglamentos, y en general, los ordenamientos que la encausan y regulan. El Modelo Educativo, pese a su complejidad y extensión, debe ser considerado primero como una norma indicativa de la institución, pero también como la suma de sus costumbres aceptadas, códigos de conducta no escritos y un modo de ser peculiar en lo político que le confiere un sello distintivo a la universidad. Las Dimensiones del ModeloSiguiendo las definiciones y condiciones anteriores, el Modelo Educativo se compone y armoniza mediante lo que se ha denominado "Dimensiones", como si su fondo y su forma tuvieran una connotación casi geométrica, que indica la dirección de las acciones y abarca las características distintivas del conjunto, como un todo integrado. Para lograrlo se adoptan diversos enfoques, que contienen las razones de orden filosófico, pedagógico, social, normativo, político y operativo con que se construye el quehacer educativo de la Universidad. La conformación del Modelo en Dimensiones se realiza por la necesidad de agrupar en una sola base conceptual articulada los objetos del conocimiento que conforman la esencia y quehacer de la Universidad. En consecuencia, cada Dimensión sirve para agrupar y correlacionar las ideas que la sustentan con los resultados. Una Dimensión es un mapa conceptual que ubica y relaciona los objetos primordiales, las ideas, con las vías para acceder a ellos; las funciones y procesos; los sujetos a quienes se aplican como entes sociales (educandos y educadores) y el conocimiento ligado a los medios para aprehenderlo; las referencias para que sus alcances y características obedezcan a un orden predeterminado y delimitado; y las normas y decisiones para lograrlo, aunadas a los recursos y procedimientos para la práctica y las operaciones. Dimensión Filosófica: La filosofía institucional y educativa como punto de partida del Modelo Educativo, La educación como producto del pensamiento humanoDimensión Pedagógica:Se enuncia, como referencia, la adopción de corrientes pedagógicas y psicológicas asociadas a las potencialidades de los fines universitarios.Dimensión Sociológica: expresa los conceptos básicos para sustentar, en el campo de lo sociológico, una visión integral de alcance institucional, partiendo de la premisa de que la universidad, al ser producto de la sociedad, es un bien público, un patrimonio social; y tanto su expresión corpórea o material como intangible o espiritual, es producto de los hombres y está al servicio de ellos.La Dimensión Jurídica:presenta la estructura jurídica de la Universidad. En ella se muestran los cuerpos de normas que derivan de dos principios rectores de la institución: la justicia y la verdad, de los cuales se desprende la Dimensión Jurídica que considera otro principio fundamental: la cultura de respeto a la ley.La Dimensión Política:representa el resumen de la sabiduría directiva de la institución, de su capacidad para desarrollar redes de conceptos que establezcan líneas de congruencia entre los principios rectores, asentados en la Dimensión Filosófica; la trama de las tesis educativas, los métodos y procesos académicos y administrativos del quehacer académico.Dimensión operativaLa ultima de las Dimensiones del Modelo Educativo plantea las condiciones institucionales que deben crearse para sintetizar y orientar el esfuerzo de la Universidad, en torno a la transición de la realidad, hacia un estadio de pleno desarrollo, en tanto que la búsqueda de los escenarios del futuro deseado será guiada por la Misión y hacia la Visión, a la luz del Modelo Educativo.

The degree of development and operability of the indicators for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) using Descriptor 1 (D1) Biological Diversity was assessed. To this end, an overview of the relevance and degree of operability of the underlying parameters across 20 European countries was compiled by analysing national directives, legislation, regulations, and publicly available reports. Marked differences were found between countries in the degree of ecological relevance as well as in the degree of implementation and operability of the parameters chosen to indicate biological diversity. The best scoring EU countries were France, Germany, Greece and Spain, while the worst scoring countries were Italy and Slovenia. No country achieved maximum scores for the implementation of MSFD D1. The non-EU countries Norway and Turkey score as highly as the top-scoring EU countries. On the positive side, the chosen parameters for D1 indicators were generally identified as being an ecologically relevant reflection of Biological Diversity. On the negative side however, less than half of the chosen parameters are currently operational. It appears that at a pan-European level, no consistent and harmonized approach currently exists for the description and assessment of marine biological diversity. The implementation of the MSFD Descriptor 1 for Europe as a whole can therefore at best be marked as moderately successful.

The degree of development and operability of the indicators for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) using Descriptor 1 (D1) Biological Diversity was assessed. To this end, an overview of the relevance and degree of operability of the underlying parameters across 20 European countries was compiled by analysing national directives, legislation, regulations, and publicly available reports. Marked differences were found between countries in the degree of ecological relevance as well as in the degree of implementation and operability of the parameters chosen to indicate biological diversity. The best scoring EU countries were France, Germany, Greece and Spain, while the worst scoring countries were Italy and Slovenia. No country achieved maximum scores for the implementation of MSFD D1. The non-EU countries Norway and Turkey score as highly as the top-scoring EU countries. On the positive side, the chosen parameters for D1 indicators were generally identified as being an ecologically relevant reflection of Biological Diversity. On the negative side however, less than half of the chosen parameters are currently operational. It appears that at a pan-European level, no consistent and harmonized approach currently exists for the description and assessment of marine biological diversity. The implementation of the MSFD Descriptor 1 for Europe as a whole can therefore at best be marked as moderately successful.

Context. The BL Lac object S5 0716+714, a highly variable blazar, underwent an impressive outburst in January 2015 (Phase A), followed by minor activity in February (Phase B). The MAGIC observations were triggered by the optical flux observed in Phase A, corresponding to the brightest ever reported state of the source in the R-band. Aims.The comprehensive dataset collected is investigated in order to shed light on the mechanism of the broadband emission. Methods. Multi-wavelength light curves have been studied together with the broadband spectral energy distributions (SEDs). The sample includes data from Effelsberg, OVRO, Metsähovi, VLBI, CARMA, IRAM, SMA, Swift-UVOT, KVA, Tuorla, Steward, RINGO3, KANATA, AZT-8+ST7, Perkins, LX-200, Swift-XRT, NuSTAR, Fermi-LAT and MAGIC. Results. The flaring state of Phase A was detected in all the energy bands, providing for the first time a multi-wavelength sample of simultaneous data from the radio band to the very-high-energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV). In the constructed SED, the Swift-XRT+NuSTAR data constrain the transition between the synchrotron and inverse Compton components very accurately, while the second peak is constrained from 0.1 GeV to 600 GeV by Fermi+MAGIC data. The broadband SED cannot be described with a one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model as it severely underestimates the optical flux in order to reproduce the X-ray to -ray data. Instead we use a two-zone model. The electric vector position angle (EVPA) shows an unprecedented fast rotation. An estimation of the redshift of the source by combined high-energy (HE, 0.1 GeV < E < 100 GeV) and VHE data provides a value of z = 0:31 ± 0:02 ± 0:05, confirming the literature value. Conclusions. The data show the VHE emission originating in the entrance and exit of a superluminal knot in and out of a recollimation shock in the inner jet. A shock-shock interaction in the jet seems responsible for the observed flares and EVPA swing. This scenario is also consistent with the SED modeling. © ESO 2018. ; We would like to thank the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias for the excellent working conditions at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos in La Palma. The financial support of the German BMBF and MPG, the Italian INFN and INAF, the Swiss National Fund SNF, the ERDF under the Spanish MINECO (FPA2015-69818-P, FPA2012-36668, FPA2015-68378-P, FPA2015-69210-C6-2-R, FPA2015-69210-C6-4-R, FPA2015-69210-C6-6-R, AYA2015-71042-P, AYA2016-76012-C3-1-P, ESP2015-71662-C2-2-P, CSD2009-00064), and the Japanese JSPS and MEXT is gratefully acknowledged. This work was also supported by the Spanish Centro de Excelencia "Severo Ochoa" SEV-2012-0234 and SEV-2015-0548, and Unidad de Excelencia "Maria de Maeztu" MDM-2014-0369, by the Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) Project IP-2016-06-9782 and the University of Rijeka Project 13.12.1.3.02, by the DFG Collaborative Research Centers SFB823/C4 and SFB876/C3, the Polish National Research Centre grant UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00382 and by the Brazilian MCTIC, CNPq and FAPERJ. The Fermi-LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish National Space Board in Sweden. Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales in France. This research was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by Universities Space Research Association through a contract with NASA. We thank the Swift team duty scientists and science planners. ; The Metsahovi team acknowledges the support from the Academy of Finland to our observing projects (numbers 212656, 210338, 121148, and others). The VLBA is an instrument of the Long Baseline Observatory. The Long Baseline Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated by Associated Universities, Inc. The Sub-millimeter Array is a joint project between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The OVRO 40-m monitoring program is supported in part by NASA grants NNX08AW31G, NNX11A043G and NNX14AQ89G, and NSF grants AST-0808050 and AST-1109911. The St. Petersburg University team acknowledges support from Russian Science Foundation grant 17-12-01029. The BU group acknowledges support by NASA under Fermi Guest Investigator grant NNX14AQ58G and by NSF under grant AST-1615796. Part of this work was done with funding by the UK Space Agency. The VLBA is an instrument of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. The PRISM (Perkins Re-Imaging SysteM) camera at Lowell Observatory was developed by K. Janes et al. at BU and Lowell Observatory, with funding from the NSF, BU, and Lowell Observatory. This paper makes use of data obtained with the 100m Effelsberg radio-telescope, which is operated by the Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomy (MPIfR) in Bonn (Germany). Part of this work is based on archival data, software or online services provided by the ASI Science Data Center (ASDC). PYRAF is a product of the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by AURA for NASA. This paper is partly based on observations carried out with the IRAM 30 m. IRAM is supported by INSU/CNRS (France), MPG (Germany) and IGN (Spain). IA acknowledges support by a Ramon y Cajal grant of the Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain. The research at the IAA-CSIC was supported in part by the MINECO through grants AYA2016-80889-P, AYA2013-40825-P, and AYA2010-14844, and by the regional government of Andalucia through grant P09-FQM-4784. The Liverpool Telescope is operated by JMU with financial support from the UK-STFC. ; Peer Reviewed

The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is the major next-generation observatory for ground-based very-high-energy gamma-ray astronomy. It will improve the sensitivity of current ground-based instruments by a factor of five to twenty, depending on the energy, greatly improving both their angular and energy resolutions over four decades in energy (from 20 GeV to 300 TeV). This achievement will be possible by using tens of imaging Cherenkov telescopes of three successive sizes. They will be arranged into two arrays, one per hemisphere, located on the La Palma island (Spain) and in Paranal (Chile). We present here the optimised and final telescope arrays for both CTA sites, as well as their foreseen performance, resulting from the analysis of three different large-scale Monte Carlo productions.© 2019 ; We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the following agencies and organizations: State Committee of Science of Armenia, Armenia; The Australian Research Council, Astronomy Australia Ltd, The University of Adelaide, Australian National University, Monash University, The University of New South Wales, The University of Sydney, Western Sydney University, Australia; Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy, and Innsbruck University, Austria; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications (MCTIC), Brasil; Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project D01-153/28.08.2018, Bulgaria; The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Canadian Space Agency, Canada; CONICYT-Chile grants PFB-06, FB0821, ACT 1406, FONDECYT-Chile grants 3160153, 3150314, 1150411, 1161463, 1170171, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Vice-Rectory of Research internationalization grant under MINEDUC agreement PUC1566, Chile; ; Croatian Science Foundation, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Osijek, University of Rijeka, University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Croatia; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, MEYS LM2015046, LTT17006 and EU/MEYS CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001403, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_049/0008422, Czech Republic; Ministry of Higher Education and Research, CNRS-INSU and CNRS-IN2P3, CEA-Irfu, ANR, Regional Council Ile-de France, Labex ENIGMASS, OSUG2020, P210 and OCEVU, France; Max Planck Society, BMBF, DESY, Helmholtz Association, Germany; Department of Atomic Energy, Department of Science and Technology, India; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), MIUR, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF-OABRERA) Grant Fondazione Cariplo/Regione Lombardia ID 2014-1980/RST_ERC, Italy; ICRR, University of Tokyo, JSPS, MEXT, Japan; Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA), Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), Netherlands; University of Oslo, Norway; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, DIR/WK/2017/12, the National Centre for Research and Development and the National Science Centre, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00583, Poland; Slovenian Research Agency, Slovenia, grants P1-0031, P1-0385, 10-0033, J1-9146; South African Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation through the South African Gamma-Ray Astronomy Programme, South Africa; MINECO National R+D+I, Severo Ochoa, Maria de Maeztu, CDTI, PAIDI, UJA, FPA2017-90566-REDC, Spain; Swedish Research Council, Royal Physiographic Society of Lund, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, The Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at Lunarc (Lund), Sweden; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Ernest Boninchi Foundation, Switzerland; Durham University, Leverhulme Trust, Liverpool University, University of Leicester, University of Oxford, Royal Society, Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK; U.S. National Science Foundation, U.S.Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, Barnard College, University of California, University of Chicago, Columbia University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics (INPAC-MRPI program), Iowa State University, the Smithsonian Institution, Washington University McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, The University of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, USA. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreements no 262053 and no 317446. This project is receiving funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programs under agreement no 676134. ; Peer Reviewed

We analyze the timing of photons observed by the MAGIC telescope during a flare of the active galactic nucleus Mkn 501 for a possible correlation with energy, as suggested by some models of quantum gravity (QG), which predict a vacuum refractive index ≃ 1 + (E / MQGn)n, n = 1, 2. Parametrizing the delay between γ-rays of different energies as Δ t = ± τl E or Δ t = ± τq E2, we find τl = (0.030 ± 0.012) s / GeV at the 2.5-σ level, and τq = (3.71 ± 2.57) × 10-6 s / GeV2, respectively. We use these results to establish lower limits MQG 1 > 0.21 × 1018 GeV and MQG 2 > 0.26 × 1011 GeV at the 95% C.L. Monte Carlo studies confirm the MAGIC sensitivity to propagation effects at these levels. Thermal plasma effects in the source are negligible, but we cannot exclude the importance of some other source effect. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ; The MAGIC Collaboration thanks the IAC for the excellent working conditions at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos in La Palma and gratefully acknowledges the support of the German BMBF and MPG, the Italian INFN and the Spanish CICYT. This work was also supported by ETH Research Grant TH 34/04 3 and the Polish MNiI Grant 1P03D01028. The work of J.E. and N.E.M. was partially supported by the European Union through the Marie Curie Research and Training Network UniverseNet MRTN-CT-2006-035863, and that of D.V.N. by DOE grant DE-FG02-95ER40917. ; Peer Reviewed

PKS 1510-089 is a flat spectrum radio quasar strongly variable in the optical and GeV range. To date, very high-energy (VHE, > 100 GeV) emission has been observed from this source either during long high states of optical and GeV activity or during short flares. Aims. We search for low-state VHE gamma-ray emission from PKS 1510-089. We characterize and model the source in a broadband context, which would provide a baseline over which high states and flares could be better understood. Methods. PKS 1510-089 has been monitored by the MAGIC telescopes since 2012. We use daily binned Fermi-LAT flux measurements of PKS 1510-089 to characterize the GeV emission and select the observation periods of MAGIC during low state of activity. For the selected times we compute the average radio, IR, optical, UV, X-ray, and gamma-ray emission to construct a low-state spectral energy distribution of the source. The broadband emission is modeled within an external Compton scenario with a stationary emission region through which plasma and magnetic fields are flowing. We also perform the emission-model-independent calculations of the maximum absorption in the broad line region (BLR) using two different models. Results. The MAGIC telescopes collected 75 hr of data during times when the Fermi-LAT flux measured above 1 GeV was below 3? × 10 -8 ? cm -2 ? s -1 , which is the threshold adopted for the definition of a low gamma-ray activity state. The data show a strongly significant (9.5¿) VHE gamma-ray emission at the level of (4.27 ± 0.61 stat ) × 10 -12 ? cm -2 ? s -1 above 150 GeV, a factor of 80 lower than the highest flare observed so far from this object. Despite the lower flux, the spectral shape is consistent with earlier detections in the VHE band. The broadband emission is compatible with the external Compton scenario assuming a large emission region located beyond the BLR. For the first time the gamma-ray data allow us to place a limit on the location of the emission region during a low gamma-ray state of a FSRQ. For the used model of the BLR, the 95% confidence level on the location of the emission region allows us to place it at a distance > 74% of the outer radius of the BLR. © ESO 2018. ; The financial support of the German BMBF and MPG, the Italian INFN and INAF, the Swiss National Fund SNF, the ERDF under the Spanish MINECO (FPA2015-69818-P, FPA2012-36668, FPA2015-68378-P, FPA2015-69210-C6-2-R, FPA2015-69210-C6-4-R, FPA2015-69210-C6-6-R, AYA2015-71042-P, AYA2016-76012-C3-1-P, ESP2015-71662-C2-2-P, CSD2009-00064), and the Japanese JSPS and MEXT is gratefully acknowledged. This work was also supported by the Spanish Centro de Exce-lencia "Severo Ochoa" SEV-2012-0234 and SEV-2015-0548, and Unidad de Excelencia "María de Maeztu" MDM-2014-0369, by the Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) Project IP-2016-06-9782 and the University of Rijeka Project 13.12.1.3.02, by the DFG Collaborative Research Centers SFB823/C4 and SFB876/C3, the Polish National Research Centre grant UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00382, and by the Brazilian MCTIC, CNPq and FAPERJ. IA acknowledges support from a Ramón y Cajal grant of the Ministerio de Economía, Industria, y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain. Acquisition and reduction of the POLAMI and MAPCAT data was supported in part by MINECO through grants AYA2010-14844, AYA2013-40825-P, and AYA2016-80889-P, and by the Regional Government of Andalucía through grant P09-FQM-4784. ; Peer Reviewed

The very high energy (VHE ¿ 100 GeV) -ray MAGIC observations of the blazar S4 0954+65, were triggered by an exceptionally high flux state of emission in the optical. This blazar has a disputed redshift of z = 0.368 or z ¿ 0.45 and an uncertain classification among blazar subclasses. The exceptional source state described here makes for an excellent opportunity to understand physical processes in the jet of S4 0954+65 and thus contribute to its classification. Methods. We investigated the multiwavelength (MWL) light curve and spectral energy distribution (SED) of the S4 0954+65 blazar during an enhanced state in February 2015 and have put it in context with possible emission scenarios. We collected photometric data in radio, optical, X-ray, and ¿-ray. We studied both the optical polarization and the inner parsec-scale jet behavior with 43 GHz data. Results. Observations with the MAGIC telescopes led to the first detection of S4 0954+65 at VHE. Simultaneous data with Fermi-LAT at high energy ¿-ray(HE, 100 MeV < E < 100 GeV) also show a period of increased activity. Imaging at 43 GHz reveals the emergence of a new feature in the radio jet in coincidence with the VHE flare. Simultaneous monitoring of the optical polarization angle reveals a rotation of approximately 100. Conclusions. The high emission state during the flare allows us to compile the simultaneous broadband SED and to characterize it in the scope of blazar jet emission models. The broadband spectrum can be modeled with an emission mechanism commonly invoked for flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), that is, inverse Compton scattering on an external soft photon field from the dust torus, also known as external Compton. The light curve and SED phenomenology is consistent with an interpretation of a blob propagating through a helical structured magnetic field and eventually crossing a standing shock in the jet, a scenario typically applied to FSRQs and low-frequency peaked BL Lac objects (LBL). © ESO 2018. ; The financial support of the German BMBF and MPG, the Italian INFN and INAF, the Swiss National Fund SNF, the ERDF under the Spanish MINECO (FPA2015-69818-P, FPA2012-36668, FPA2015-68378-P, FPA2015-69210-C6-2-R, FPA2015-69210-C6-4-R, FPA2015-69210-C6-6-R, AYA2015-71042-P, AYA2016-76012-C3-1-P, ESP2015-71662-C2-2-P, CSD2009-00064), and the Japanese JSPS and MEXT is gratefully acknowledged. This work was also supported by the Spanish Centro de Excelencia "Severo Ochoa" SEV-2012-0234 and SEV-2015-0548, and Unidad de Excelencia "María de Maeztu" MDM-2014-0369, by the Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) Project IP-2016-06-9782 and the University of Rijeka Project 13.12.1.3.02, by the DFG Collaborative Research Centers SFB823/C4 and SFB876/C3, the Polish National Research Centre grant UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00382 and by the Brazilian MCTIC, CNPq, and FAPERJ. IA acknowledges support by a Ramón y Cajal grant of the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain. The research at the IAA–CSIC was supported in part by the MINECO through grants AYA2016–80889–P, AYA2013–40825–P, and AYA2010–14844, and by the regional government of Andalucía through grant P09–FQM–4784. ; Peer Reviewed

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine hospital services globally. This study estimated the total number of adult elective operations that would be cancelled worldwide during the 12 weeks of peak disruption due to COVID-19. Methods: A global expert response study was conducted to elicit projections for the proportion of elective surgery that would be cancelled or postponed during the 12 weeks of peak disruption. A Bayesian β-regression model was used to estimate 12-week cancellation rates for 190 countries. Elective surgical case-mix data, stratified by specialty and indication (surgery for cancer versus benign disease), were determined. This case mix was applied to country-level surgical volumes. The 12-week cancellation rates were then applied to these figures to calculate the total number of cancelled operations. Results: The best estimate was that 28 404 603 operations would be cancelled or postponed during the peak 12 weeks of disruption due to COVID-19 (2 367 050 operations per week). Most would be operations for benign disease (90·2 per cent, 25 638 922 of 28 404 603). The overall 12-week cancellation rate would be 72·3 per cent. Globally, 81·7 per cent of operations for benign conditions (25 638 922 of 31 378 062), 37·7 per cent of cancer operations (2 324 070 of 6 162 311) and 25·4 per cent of elective caesarean sections (441 611 of 1 735 483) would be cancelled or postponed. If countries increased their normal surgical volume by 20 per cent after the pandemic, it would take a median of 45 weeks to clear the backlog of operations resulting from COVID-19 disruption. Conclusion: A very large number of operations will be cancelled or postponed owing to disruption caused by COVID-19. Governments should mitigate against this major burden on patients by developing recovery plans and implementing strategies to restore surgical activity safely.