Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Title -- Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface to the second edition -- Preface to the first edition -- Introduction -- 1.1 Sociolinguistic -- 1.2 Sociolinguistic phenomena -- 1.3 Speakers and communities -- 1.4 Summary and conclusions -- Varieties of language -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Languages -- 2.3 Dialects -- 2.4 Registers -- 2.5 Mixture of varieties -- 2.6 Conclusions -- Language, culture and thought -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Linguistic and cultural relativity -- 3.3 Language and thought -- 3.4 General conclusions -- Speech as social interaction -- 4.1 The social nature of speech -- 4.2 Speech as a signal of social identity -- 4.3 The structure of speech -- 4.4 Verbal and non-verbal behaviour -- 4.5 Male/female differences in speech -- The quantitative study of speech -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology -- 5.3 Linguistic variables -- 5.4 Influences on linguistic variables -- 5.5 Summary -- Linguistic and social inequality -- 6.1 Linguistic inequality -- 6.2 Subjective inequality -- 6.3 Linguistic incompetence: strictly linguistic inequality -- 6.4 Communicative incompetence: inequality in communication -- Theoretical summary -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The social functions of language -- 7.3 The structure of language -- Bibliography -- Index.

The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, is an agricultural and urban pest that has become widely established as an invasive species of major concern in the USA and across Europe. This species forms large aggregations when entering diapause, and it is often these aggregations that are found by officials conducting inspections of internationally shipped freight. Identifying the presence of diapausing aggregations of H. halys using their emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be a potential means for detecting and intercepting them during international freight inspections. Headspace samples were collected from aggregations of diapausing H. halys using volatile collection traps (VCTs) and solid phase microextraction. The only compound detected in all samples was tridecane, with small amounts of (E)-2-decenal found in most samples. We also monitored the release of defensive odors, following mechanical agitation of diapausing and diapause-disrupted adult H. halys. Diapausing groups were significantly more likely to release defensive odors than diapause-disrupted groups. The predominant compounds consistently found from both groups were tridecane, (E)-2-decenal, and 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal, with a small abundance of dodecane. Our findings show that diapausing H. halys do release defensive compounds, and suggest that volatile sampling may be feasible to detect H. halys in freight. ; Contributions by L.J.N. and E.G.B. were supported by the New Zealand government via Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment core funding to Plant and Food Research and Scion (contract C04X1104), respectively, and the BetterBorder Biosecurity Collaboration (www.b3nz.org).

This paper reports on the detailed characterization of the K2-111 planetary system with K2, WASP, and ASAS-SN photometry, as well as high-resolution spectroscopic data from HARPS-N and ESPRESSO. The host, K2-111, is confirmed to be a mildly evolved (log g = 4.17), iron-poor ([Fe/H] = -0.46), but alpha-enhanced ([α/Fe]=0.27), chromospherically quiet, very old thick disc G2 star. A global fit, performed by using PyORBIT, shows that the transiting planet, K2-111 b, orbits with a period Pb = 5.3518 ± 0.0004 d and has a planet radius of 1.82+0.11-0.09 R⊙ and a mass of 5.29+0.76-0.77 M⊙, resulting in a bulk density slightly lower than that of the Earth. The stellar chemical composition and the planet properties are consistent with K2-111 b being a terrestrial planet with an iron core mass fraction lower than the Earth. We announce the existence of a second signal in the radial velocity data that we attribute to a non-transiting planet, K2-111 c, with an orbital period of 15.6785 ± 0.0064 d, orbiting in near-3:1 mean motion resonance with the transiting planet, and a minimum planet mass of 11.3 ± 1.1 M⊙. Both planet signals are independently detected in the HARPS-N and ESPRESSO data when fitted separately. There are potentially more planets in this resonant system, but more well-sampled data are required to confirm their presence and physical parameters. ; With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (MDM-2017-0737)