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The Spanish motion picture "La Gran Aventura de Mortadelo y Filemón" (2003) is not a historical film, no matter what definition of 'historical film' one might use. Instead, "Mortadelo y Filemón" (M&F) is the cinematic adaptation of the most successful Spanish comic book series ever published its significance to Spanish popular culture reflected by the spectacular box office records achieved by its cinematic counterpart. Moreover, and in contrast to the things we usually understand as 'historical film' - as well to the conventions of cinematic realism -, M&F is a cartoon-like histrionic comedy like no other; characters get smashed to the ground by a falling piano, only to later be "inflated" back to life, much in the style of the Warner Brothers' "Loony Toons".

Fünfundzwanzig Jahre nach der Auflösung des Franco-Staates durch die Verfassung vom 6. Dezember 1978 ist die Bilanz des spanischen Übergangs zur Demokratie durchaus positiv. In nur knapp drei Jahren wurde ein vierzigjähriges diktatorisches System ohne die großen sozialen Kosten, die man befürchtet hatte, abgebaut und mit Erfolg und Entschiedenheit eine solide Demokratie errichtet. Im Geiste eines viel beschworenen "nationalen Konsens", der seither zu einem zentralen Schlüsselbegriff und zum Gründungsmythos des post-franquistischen Spaniens geworden ist, wurde die diktatorische Vergangenheit für den Autor jedoch weitgehend verdrängt. Diese offizielle Strategie der "kollektiven Amnesie" war und ist ein geschichtspolitisches Programm, das die Realität der spanischen Kultur kennzeichnet. Indem der Zugriff auf die jüngste Vergangenheit nur selten, unter politischer Bevormundung oder aus bestimmten Parteien-Interessen erfolgt, wird eine frontale Aufarbeitung des "Problems" immer wieder - sine dato - verschoben. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt abschließend, dass und warum die offizielle Erinnerungspolitik tatsächlich Risse bekommen hat, auch wenn es sich nur um Einzelfälle mit beschränkter lokaler oder regionaler Bedeutung handelt. (ICA2)

Como estudiantes de medicina en la Escuela Médico Mi- litar, debemos considerarnos herederos del legado maravi- lloso de una institución que fue forjada con el esfuerzo de quienes han sido maestros de muchas generaciones. Pero no sólo ello. Curiosamente he descubierto que también somos herederos de su inspiración y de su talento artístico, y no menos de su amplia cultura, de su apego a la humanidad y de su modelo de superación personal.

En el presente trabajo se dan a conocer las perspectivas sobre el uso de la nanotecnología en la elaboración de plaguicidas, sus ventajas tecnológicas sobre las formulaciones actuales y sus posibilidades de uso en los esquemas de desarrollo rural sustentable. Se definen algunos términos utilizados en nanotecnología y se hace una revisión de investigaciones y empresas que participan en el desarrollo de plaguicidas micro y nanoencapsulados.

Introducción: Las infecciones de vías respiratorias inferiores continúan siendo la enfermedad transmisible más letal y son la cuarta causa de defunción a nivel mundial. La neumonía está asociada con la ventilación mecánica (NAV) en 9 al 25% de los pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Este estudio examina la utilidad del lavado bronquial realizado durante la traqueostomía percutánea guiada por broncoscopia en el manejo de infecciones respiratorias por organismos multidrogorresistentes (MDR) en nuestra institución. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes sometidos a traqueostomía percutánea guiada por broncoscopia con lavado bronquial del 1 de septiembre de 2015 al 1 de septiembre de 2017. Se revisaron los resultados de tinciones y cultivos, y modificaciones terapéuticas con base en este lavado. Resultados: De las 101 traqueostomías percutáneas realizadas, se incluyeron 81 pacientes (56% hombres, 44% mujeres), edad media de 54.6 años. Cuarenta y dos (51.8%) tuvieron cultivo positivo (monobacteriano o polibacteriano), 26 de estos MDR relacionados con mayor mortalidad (mortalidad global de 50%) y estancia hospitalaria. En aquéllos con NAV se aisló Acinetobacter baumannii en 15. En pacientes con Pseudomonas aeruginosa y más de 80 años se registró la mayor mortalidad (66.6 y 75%, respectivamente). La incidencia de NAV y traqueobronquitis fue de 10.45 y 4.36 casos por 1,000 días de ventilación mecánica, respectivamente. En los pacientes en quienes se modificó el tratamiento, la mortalidad disminuyó hasta en 54.2%. La prevalencia de traqueostomía percutánea guiada por broncoscopia en nuestro centro fue del 13.6%. Conclusiones: El lavado bronquial durante la traqueostomía percutánea guiada por broncoscopia no es un procedimiento de rutina, permite aislar organismos MDR hasta en el 51% de los pacientes y el cambio de antibiótico mejora la mortalidad.

Between April 2012 and June 2014, 820 laboratory‐confirmed cases of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) have been reported in the Arabian Peninsula, Europe, North Africa, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and the United States. The observed epidemiology is different to SARS, which showed a classic epidemic curve and was over in eight months. The much longer persistence of MERS‐CoV in the population, with a lower reproductive number, some evidence of human‐to‐human transmission but an otherwise sporadic pattern, is difficult to explain. Using available epidemiological data, we implemented mathematical models to explore the transmission dynamics of MERS‐CoV in the context of mass gatherings such as the Hajj pilgrimage, and found a discrepancy between the observed and expected epidemiology. The fact that no epidemic occurred in returning Hajj pilgrims in either 2012 or 2013 contradicts the long persistence of the virus in human populations. The explanations for this discrepancy include an ongoing, repeated nonhuman/sporadic source, a large proportion of undetected or unreported human‐to‐human cases, or a combination of the two. Furthermore, MERS‐CoV is occurring in a region that is a major global transport hub and hosts significant mass gatherings, making it imperative to understand the source and means of the yet unexplained and puzzling ongoing persistence of the virus in the human population.

IntroductionThese guidelines are part of the French Experts' recommendations for the management of people living with HIV/AIDS, which were made public and submitted to the French health authorities in September 2013. The objective was to provide updated recommendations for antiretroviral treatment (ART) of HIV‐positive adults. Guidelines included the following topics: when to start, what to start, specific situations for the choice of the first session of antiretroviral therapy, optimization of antiretroviral therapy after virologic suppression, and management of virologic failure.MethodsTen members of the French HIV 2013 expert group were responsible for guidelines on ART. They systematically reviewed the most recent literature. The chairman of the subgroup was responsible for drafting the guidelines, which were subsequently discussed within, and finalized by the whole expert group to obtain a consensus. Recommendations were graded for strength and level of evidence using predefined criteria. Economic considerations were part of the decision‐making process for selecting preferred first‐line options. Potential conflicts of interest were actively managed throughout the whole process.ResultsART should be initiated in any HIV‐positive person, whatever his/her CD4 T‐cell count, even when >500/mm3. The level of evidence of the individual benefit of ART in terms of mortality or progression to AIDS increases with decreasing CD4 cell count. Preferred initial regimens include two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (tenofovir/emtricitabine or abacavir/lamivudine) plus a non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (efavirenz or rilpivirine), or a ritonavir‐boosted protease inhibitor (atazanavir or darunavir). Raltegravir, lopinavir/r, and nevirapine are recommended as alternative third agents, with specific indications and restrictions. Specific situations such as HIV infection in women, primary HIV infection, severe immune suppression with or without identified opportunistic infection, and person who injects drugs are addressed. Options for optimization of ART once virologic suppression is achieved are discussed. Evaluation and management of virologic failure are described, the aim of any intervention in such situation being to reduce plasma viral load to <50 copies/ml.ConclusionThese guidelines recommend that any HIV‐positive individual should be treated with ART. This recommendation was issued both for the patient's own sake and for promoting treatment as prevention.

IntroductionWe compared the effectiveness of tenofovir/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) combined with either lopinavir/r (LPV/r) or another recommended third drug in the 2010 French guidelines in antiretroviral‐naïve patients starting combination antiretroviral therapy in 2004–2008 in the French Hospital Database on HIV.MethodsThe outcomes were stop or switch of the third component, viral load (VL) <500 copies/ml, an increase of at least 100 CD4 cells/mm3, AIDS‐defining event and non‐AIDS‐defining hospitalization or death. Propensity scores were estimated by logistic regression based on the clinical centre and other confounders. In each clinical centre, each patient initiating LPV/r was matched with a patient initiating another third drug (efavirenz or atazanavir/r) and having a close propensity score. Cox's proportional hazards models were then used, with treatment as covariate. Time was right‐censored at four years.Results1269 patients started LPV/r plus TDF/FTC, and 890 could be matched to 890 patients receiving another third drug. Baseline characteristics were well balanced between these two groups. LPV/r was associated with a higher risk of third drug stop (hazard ratio (HR): 1.69; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.42–2.00) and with less rapid viral suppression (HR: 0.83; 95% CI, 0.72–0.95). There was no difference in the time required for a CD4 cell increment of at least 100/mm3, or to the occurrence of an AIDS‐defining event. Non‐AIDS‐defining hospitalizations or deaths were more frequent with LPV/r (HR: 1.79; 95% CI, 1.33–2.39).ConclusionsFor first‐line therapy, in this observational setting, TDF/FTC plus LPV/r were less durable than TDF/FTC plus another recommended third drug, led to a less rapid viral suppression and were associated with a higher risk of non‐AIDS morbidity.