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"China is the second-largest economy in the world yet it faces serious energy security challenges due to the country's reliance on coal, a fuel with multiple environmental and social problems. Moreover, since 2017 China has become the world's largest crude oil importer, greatly increasing its reliance on imported energy. The International Energy Agency has defined energy security as "the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price," employing metrics in various dimensions such as availability, affordability, accessibility and acceptability to measure the energy security of different nations. Accordingly, the assessment, analysis and improvement of energy security is a complex problem. China's Energy Security aims to resolve this problem by answering three important questions: What are the difficulties and possibilities for China's energy security? How can we assess China's energy security in a qualitative or quantitative way? How can China's energy security be improved?"

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- How Does Ecological Footprint React to Economic Growth Dynamics? Evidence from Emerging Economies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Model Data and Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Life Cycle Assessment and Carbon Footprint Analysis of Recycled Aggregates in the Construction of Earth-Retaining Walls During Reconstruction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Goal and Scope Definition -- 2.2 Types of Wall -- 2.3 Functional Unit -- 2.4 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) -- 2.5 Data Collection for LCI, Analysis and Interpretation -- 3 ERW Design and Bill of Materials -- 4 LCA Interpretation -- 4.1 Concrete Composition -- 4.2 Comparison of ERWs -- 4.3 Lean Concrete -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- The Input-Output Method for Calculating the Carbon Footprint of Tourism: An Application to the Spanish Tourism Industry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Standard Methods for Tourism Carbon Accounting -- 3 Methods and Materials -- 3.1 The Environmentally Extended Multiregional Input-Output Model -- 3.2 Materials: MRIO Database and Tourism Satellite Accounts -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Impact of Beef Production Systems -- 1 General Overview -- 2 Impact Assessment Methodologies -- 3 Beef Production Systems -- 3.1 Classification -- 3.2 Characteristics -- 4 Goal and Scope, Functional Unit, and Allocation -- 5 System Boundaries -- 6 Life Cycle Inventory -- 7 Sensitivity Analysis -- 8 Selection of LCA Studies and Impact Assessment Analyses -- 9 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Carbon Footprint Management for a Sustainable Oil Palm Crop -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Oil Palm and Environment -- 1.2 Carbon Footprint in the Colombian Oil Palm Sector -- 1.3 Carbon Footprint Calculators -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results.

Front cover -- Half title -- Full title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 - Methods in sustainability science -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sustainability assessment and analysis -- 1.2.1 Sustainability metrics/indicators -- 1.2.2 Sustainability analysis tools -- 1.2.3 Material flow analysis -- 1.3 Sustainability ranking and prioritization -- 1.4 Sustainability enhancement and improvement -- 1.5 Sustainability design and optimization -- 1.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 - Business contributions to sustainable development goals -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Literature review -- 2.2.1 Sustainable development goals (SDGs) -- 2.2.2 Sustainability reports -- 2.3 Materials and methods -- 2.4 Discussion -- 2.4.1 SDGs disclosures based on industrial sector -- 2.4.2 SDGs disclosures based on goals -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 - Sustainability assessment: Metrics and methods -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Need of sustainability assessment -- 3.2.1 Steady-state economy -- 3.2.2 Circular economy -- 3.2.3 Ecological footprints -- 3.3 Various methods of sustainability assessment -- 3.3.1 Life-cycle assessment -- 3.3.2 Socioeconomic impact assessment -- 3.3.3 Strategic environmental assessment -- 3.3.4 Cost-benefit analysis -- 3.3.5 Travel cost analysis -- 3.3.6 Social impact assessment -- 3.3.7 Contingent valuation method -- 3.3.8 Hedonic pricing method -- 3.3.9 Multicriteria analysis -- 3.3.10 Material intensity per service unit -- 3.3.11 Analytic network process -- 3.3.12 Environmental and sustainability rating systems -- 3.4 Comparison of sustainability assessment methods -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 - Sustainability assessment of energy systems: Indicators, methods, and applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Principle of sustainability.

The impact of climate change in the Arctic Ocean such as ice melting and ice retreat facilitates natural resources extraction. Arctic fossil fuel becomes the drivers of geopolitical changes in the Arctic Ocean. Climate change facilitates natural resource extractions and increases competition between states and can result in tensions, even military ones. This article investigates through a political and legal analysis the role of China as an emerging regulatory sea power in the Arctic Ocean given its assertive "energy hungry country behaviour" in the Arctic Ocean. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the Arctic Council (AC) are taken into consideration under climate change effects, to assess how global legal frameworks and institutions can deal with China's strategy in the Arctic Ocean. China's is moving away from its role as "humble power" to one of "informal imperialistic" resulting in substantial impact on the Arctic and Antartic dynamism. Due to ice-melting, an easy access to natural resources, China's Arctic strategy in the Arctic Ocean has reinforced its military martitime strategy and has profoundly changed its maritime military doctrine shifting from regional to global in the context of UNCLOS. In particular, it is wondered, what China understands about the public order dimension of UNCLOS. The article concludes that despite China' assertive behaviour towards the Arctic environmental ocean and its rise as global sea power, for the time being, China cannot be considered as a variable for Arctic security as there are no sufficient legal and policy objective elements to adduct that it constitutes a threat to Artic ocean security.

The impact of climate change in the Arctic Ocean such as ice melting and ice retreat facilitates natural resources extraction. Arctic fossil fuel becomes the drivers of geopolitical changes in the Arctic Ocean. Climate change facilitates natural resource extractions and increases competition between states and can result in tensions, even military ones. This article investigates through a political and legal analysis the role of China as an emerging regulatory sea power in the Arctic Ocean given its assertive "energy hungry country behaviour" in the Arctic Ocean. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the Arctic Council (AC) are taken into consideration under climate change effects, to assess how global legal frameworks and institutions can deal with China's strategy in the Arctic Ocean. China's is moving away from its role as "humble power" to one of "informal imperialistic" resulting in substantial impact on the Arctic and Antartic dynamism. Due to ice-melting, an easy access to natural resources, China's Arctic strategy in the Arctic Ocean has reinforced its military martitime strategy and has profoundly changed its maritime military doctrine shifting from regional to global in the context of UNCLOS. In particular, it is wondered, what China understands about the public order dimension of UNCLOS. The article concludes that despite China' assertive behaviour towards the Arctic environmental ocean and its rise as global sea power, for the time being, China cannot be considered as a variable for Arctic security as there are no sufficient legal and policy objective elements to adduct that it constitutes a threat to Artic ocean security.

This study investigates China's biofuel industry—the third largest in the world—by combining a strength, weakness, opportunity and threats (SWOT) analysis with a method known as fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP). More specifically, the study employs SWOT analysis to identify the influential factors affecting the development of the biofuel industry in China. It then prioritizes their importance using the FAHP method. The study finds that high production costs, competition with other renewable energy resources, inconsistent policy and legislation support, and poor technical standards are impeding the growth of the biofuel industry of China. The study concludes by proposing strategic recommendations for how the industry can be made both leaner, more efficient and effective, and greener, more socially and environmentally sustainable. Some of these options focuses on improving technical perform, adhering to a "supply push" mentality. Others focus on improving affordability and consumer awareness, adhering to a "demand pull" mentality.