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The study aimed to investigate the changing culture of social engagement toward aged persons along with stereotypes that aged person be constrained in their contacts and engagement. Despite the fact that the society of Pakistan is rooted on the culture that dignifies the lives of aged person and place them on the high position of virtue but current reaction of the society is hostile regarding their engagement in terms of local community connections, religious connections and work connections by stereotypes that elderly are supposed to perform limited role. The study aimed to assess the level of social engagement, opportunities available and encouragement from different stake holder of society for the aged persons. In order to explore, the study targeted retired pensioners from government department across the south Punjab region by focusing all cadres of pensioner's i.e. Class-IV, Clerical Cadre and Gazatted. The study selected 400 retired pensioners (i.e. 302 male 98 females) from districts Multan, Khenewal, Bahawlpur, Rahim Yar Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan and Muzaffargarh of South Punjab, through stratified random sampling technique. The study used proportionate sampling technique in order to select true representatives of the population from each selected district. The study used self-constructed Social Engagement Scale for data collection through survey method and face-to-face interview schedule. The study concluded that aged persons deserve dignified life in the society. For this state should device the policies and their implementations as well along with society proactive role for those who had served their potential and still can add for the betterment of society as well. Keywords: Population ageing, Social engagement, Cultural influences

This research focuses on specific models of health and illness, explored by many researchers across the world. The sequential variations and critic of each model is summed up by researcher and the relevant theoretical orientations of beta thalassemia major have been tried to integrate. Beta thalassemia major is a common genetic disorder, due to abnormalities in human globin (alpha or beta). The highest prevalence rate of disease has been seen in Saudi Arabia, Jordon, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, due to repeated cousin marriages, strong beliefs of cultural and traditional practices and lack of knowledge for the prevention and management of beta thalassemia major. The focus of epidemiologists remained on genetic causes and ignored the social, cultural, religious and psychological factors which preponderate over biological aspects of health. The academician and health experts lacked to focus the theoretical orientations of beta thalassemia major, this paper elucidates the models of health and illness and provides and logical theoretical itinerary for beta thalassemia major.

The study was conducted to investigate the maternal demographic determinants of low birth weight babies in district Jhang, Pakistan. In the study demographic characteristics of mothers of low birth weight babies were observed. These characteristics were residential area, education level, socio-economic status, age of mothers at the time of birth and pregnancy interval. These all mentioned characteristics were taken as independent variables against the dependent variable, low birth weight of infants. A sample size of 220 mothers who gave birth to a low weight baby was surveyed through purposive sampling technique in government hospitals of District Jhang and its Tehsils. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS. One way analysis of variance with mean plots was used to find out the mean differences between maternal demographic characteristics and low birth weight of babies. Rural women, comparatively aged women, early married women and low educated women were found to have extremely low birth weight babies. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s1p498

Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) have been considered as the key player in the provision of services to address the economic, environmental and socio-cultural developmental issues. United Nations global sustainable development goals (SDGs) focused the role of partnerships between different sectors in addressing sustainable development issues. The study focuses on the role of NGOs especially the local organization called as Balochistan Rural Development & Research Society (BRDRS) in empowering community in Balochistan. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in two districts of Balochistan province to investigate role of NGOs among beneficiaries of BRDRS education projects and programs in focused communities by following the quantitative research approach. By using proportionate random sampling technique, 400 respondents were selected out of the total beneficiaries. The results indicated significant associations between BRDRS educational projects (i.e. Arranging Students Exposure Visits, Conducted Speech Competitions, Arranging Enrollment Campaigns, Renovation of the Schools, and Follow-up Mechanism to Schools) and level of satisfaction among the beneficiaries. The study recommends that government should also be involved to improve the policy and make a supportive and conducive environment through partnerships in the education sector with NGOs for the sustainable community development.

In this study, we examined the association between CEO greed and corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance with a particular emphasis on the curtailing role of corporate governance. We found that CEO greed has a negative effect on CSR, since an uncontrolled pursuit of personal gain typically reveals myopic behavior and the foregoing of investment in CSR by a greedy CEO. Additionally, we found that CEO compensation in the form of large bonuses, support, and restricted stocks options weakened the link between CEO greed and CSR. Concerning the power dynamics amongst CEOs (CEO duality and tenure), we found that CEO duality moderates the negative relation between CEO greed and CSR. We also explored the curtailing role of corporate governance (proxies represented by board gender diversity and board independence) in the association between CEO greed and CSR. Our findings show that gender diversity curtails the negative effect of CEO greed on CSR once it reaches critical mass on the corporate board. Gender critical mass also curtails the negative impact of CEO greed on CSR, even if the CEO exercises duality. Our findings have empirical and practical implications. This study contributes to the existing literature by exploring the relationship between CEO greed and CSR in Asia, a region not renowned for CSR performance. This study also provides evidence for the curtailing role of compensation and governance factors in the negative relationship between CEO greed and CSR.

AbstractThis study examines how board gender diversity can address the challenges to adopt environment management systems (EMS) to improve firm performance. Firstly, drawing on gender socialization and diversity theories, higher board gender diversity motivates firms to adopt EMS. Empirical evidence shows that firms with gender diverse boards are greener. Secondly, the study investigates the maxim that green pays to be green. The empirical findings highlight a positive and statistically significant but economically modest link between EMS and firm financial performance. However, the inclusion of board gender diversity as moderator significantly improves the relationship between EMS and firm performance. In addition, CEO gender is linked to better performance only in firms with low female board diversity. The findings strongly recommend higher board gender diversity as a mechanism to address the challenges of EMS and firm performance simultaneously. The findings are robust to controlling for propensity score matching technique and are different in different approaches.

AbstractThe choice for corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a strategic tool remains a debatable issue. While past studies suggest that the financial performance of a firm is the primary driver of CEO turnover; we found that a firm's CSR performance also has a relationship with CEO turnover, a negative relationship. Consistent with the hypotheses, our findings suggest that firm's CSR performance positively moderates the firm's financial performance–CEO turnover relationship. The firm's negative CSR performance–CEO turnover relationship is more pronounced in highCSR‐ranked firms. Precisely, the findings posit that CSR appears to (a) reduce likelihood of CEO turnover in general, (b) somewhat increases the likelihood of CEO turnover in case of poor financial performance, and (c) greatly reduces the likelihood of CEO turnover in case of better financial performance is good. Therefore, a CEO who is motivated to deliver profits in a socially responsible way may face both positive and negative personal consequences. Given the importance of the board gender diversity/gender critical mass, our findings show that the presence of gender critical mass moderates the firm's negative performance (CSR and ROA)–CEO turnover relationship. Further, we split the sample into low and highCSR‐ranked firms, and the findings show that the presence of gender critical mass substitutes the firm's negative performance (CSR and ROA)–CEO turnover relation in highCSR‐ranked firms; whereas, it moderates the relation in lowCSR‐ranked firms. Therefore, the presence of gender critical mass supports the statement that "CSR—combined with board gender diversity—is the new competitive environment for CEOs."