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Background  It has often been stated that the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disabilities is greater than it is in the population as a whole.Method  The epidemiological studies on psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disabilities were reviewed.Results  There is evidence that the prevalence of psychiatric disorder is greater in children with intellectual disabilities, compared with children with normal IQs, that it is higher in both adults and children with severe intellectual disabilities compared with people with mild or no intellectual disability and that the rate of problematic behaviour is higher in both adults and children having intellectual disabilities, than in their non‐disabled peers.Conclusions  There is no sound evidence that the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adults with mild intellectual disability is greater than in the population as a whole.

Background  We examined the benefits of risperidone, including quality of life (QoL), in the treatment of violent and self‐injurious behaviour in adults with moderate, severe or profound intellectual disability.Methods  Twenty‐four participants received open‐label, oral, flexible‐dose risperidone of 0.5–6 mg/day for 12 weeks. Efficacy was measured primarily using the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist (ABC) and secondarily using validated measures of depression, autism, QoL and global condition. Safety and tolerability were also assessed.Results  Total ABC significantly improved from baseline by week 1. This improvement was maintained throughout the study (final visit, P < 0.001). Secondary efficacy measures were also improved with risperidone, including QoL measures (final visit: home life, P < 0.001; activity, P = 0.002; skills, P = 0.014). Risperidone was generally well tolerated, with no unexpected adverse events.Conclusions  In this open‐label trial, risperidone was efficacious and well tolerated for managing violent and self‐injurious behaviour and improving QoL in adults with moderate, severe or profound intellectual disability.

Although neural network models have had a dramatic impact on the cognitive and brain sciences, social psychology has remained largely unaffected by this intellectual explosion. The first to apply neural network models to social phenomena, this book includes chapters by nearly all of the individuals currently working in this area. Bringing these various approaches together in one place, it allows readers to appreciate the breadth of these approaches, as well as the theoretical commonality of many of these models. The contributors address a number of central issues in social psychology and sho

This text focuses on cities as the dominant form of human settlement for the future, examining the transformation that is happening in urban connobations worldwide today. The last few decades have seen a rate of change and growth in cities that has never been seen before, resulting in giant metropoles with over twenty million inhabitants. This book tackles the causes of these changes, and looks at how the planning and design of cities can shape the urban future

This text focuses on cities as the dominant form of human settlement for the future, examining the transformation that is happening in urban connobations worldwide today. The last few decades have seen a rate of change and growth in cities that has never been seen before, resulting in giant metropoles with over twenty million inhabitants. This book tackles the causes of these changes, and looks at how the planning and design of cities can shape the urban future.

Henri Lefebvre gave suggestive hints at a theory of urban form that have inspired those involved in the design and planning disciplines. His search was for an urban praxis that opened potentials for new forms of social relations and to this end he proposed a "metaphilosophy" designed to engage with the open-ended material relations of cities and societies. This, however, contradicted his Marxist commitment to a "finality" of man and society and his association of technology with alienation. We try here to rethink technology as intrinsic to human and social life: not as means to realize thought in the materialization of spaces and societies, but as medium and source, in processes of historical realization, of orders that come before thought in human practice. We relate this to "worlds" of practice which are the technically and historically constructed "metaphilosophical" "totalities" within which we are enabled and act. This pluralizes and technologizes "world," and Lefebvre's "urban form" becomes a construction of multiple relational–technological "worlds," each perceived, conceived, and lived as wholes. These articulate with one another and evolve historically. It is the articulations and interfaces between "worlds" rather than the "worlds" themselves which locate the places of productivity and vitality in the city. The question of an open urban shifts subtly from one of resistance to the abstract rationalities of "planning" or an "authoritarian state" to one of the maintenance of open relations between different "worlds" each with their necessary technical or abstract rationalities.