When examining patients with sports-related and exercise-related injuries, a thorough knowledge of anatomy is vital in order to make an accurate diagnosis and work out an effective treatment plan. In this helpful, practical book, a professional anatomist, an orthopaedic surgeon and a sports physiotherapist have combined their expertise to give a detailed explanation of the structural and functional anatomy of the knee. The book includes descriptions and images of the relevant anatomy, and sample clinical problems (with model answers) throughout.
Military recruits and elite athletes are susceptible to stress fracture injuries. Genetic predisposition has been postulated to have a role in their development. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) gene, a key regulator of bone remodelling, is a genetic candidate that may contribute to stress fracture predisposition. The aim of this study is to evaluate the putative contribution of P2X7R to stress fracture injury in two separate cohorts, military personnel and elite athletes. In 210 Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) military conscripts, stress fracture injury was diagnosed (n = 43) based on symptoms and a positive bone scan. In a separate cohort of 518 elite athletes, self-reported medical imaging scan-certified stress fracture injuries were recorded (n = 125). Non-stress fracture controls were identified from these cohorts who had a normal bone scan or no history or symptoms of stress fracture injury. Study participants were genotyped for functional SNPs within the P2X7R gene using proprietary fluorescence-based competitive allele-specific PCR assay. Pearson's chi-squared (χ2) tests, corrected for multiple comparisons, were used to assess associations in genotype frequencies. The variant allele of P2X7R SNP rs3751143 (Glu496Ala—loss of function) was associated with stress fracture injury, whilst the variant allele of rs1718119 (Ala348Thr—gain of function) was associated with a reduced occurrence of stress fracture injury in military conscripts (P < 0.05). The association of the variant allele of rs3751143 with stress fractures was replicated in elite athletes (P < 0.05), whereas the variant allele of rs1718119 was also associated with reduced multiple stress fracture cases in elite athletes (P < 0.05). The association between independent P2X7R polymorphisms with stress fracture prevalence supports the role of a genetic predisposition in the development of stress fracture injury.
