Suchergebnisse

En la problemática del presente ensayo la autora efectuara un análisis y selección sobre los cuerpos normativos que contienen algunas regulaciones que se aplican a la Oferta Pública de Adquisición de Valores ("OPA" en adelante); dado que, la normativa existente sobre el tema está dispersa y no es suficiente; surgiendo así, las interrogantes tales como: ¿cuál es la regulación específica que debe cumplir el inversionista para el desarrollo de las OPAS?, o ¿qué normativas o guías de orientación se han utilizado en El Salvador para la ejecución de las OPAS? y ¿Porqué es necesario tener una regulación específica?. Es importante, dar respuesta a las interrogantes anteriores, para brindar seguridad a los nuevos inversionistas, a fin de que puedan recibir guías de orientación o una regulación específica para la ejecución de las OPAS en El Salvador; así también, para que las OPAS sean vigiladas y controladas por las autoridades supervisoras responsables.

INTERACT - Researching Third Country Nationals' Integration as a Three-way Process - Immigrants, Countries of Emigration and Countries of Immigration as Actors of Integration ; Peruvian migration policies can be analysed considering two key concepts: bilateral agreements between sending and receiving countries, and return policies promoted by countries of origin. On one hand, bilateral agreements show the existing power relationships between large and small countries, aiming to reduce migratory flows and control illegal migration in receiving states. On the other hand, origin countries have perceived migrants as passive beneficiaries, disregarding their capabilities and needs since only a few migrant groups are involved in consultation processes. The migration policies implemented by governments in states of both origin and destination represent a key aspect within the INTERACT project that can estimate the integration processes of migrants in receiving countries. This article examines the evolution of emigration policies implemented in Peru during the last thirty years and points out the importance of governments in strengthening linkages with its citizens living abroad. ; INTERACT is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union.

Oilseed rape can be used to produce biodiesel which can substitute non-renewable fuels for transport. In the early 2000s, the EU introduced a series of policies and market-based incentives to encourage the production of biofuels in order to meet their obligations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This led to a large increase in the area of oilseed rape grown across Europe with a simultaneous rise in insect pests which were largely controlled by synthetic insecticides. However, the withdrawal of neonicotinoid seed treatments in 2013 and the development of insecticide resistance in key insect pests led to crop failures and significant yield losses. Integrated Pest Management approaches could have prevented this pest problem, however the lack of support and clear financial mechanisms for the enforcement of the 2009 Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive meant that the cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB; Psylliodes chrysocephala) has become a serious pest and the area of oilseed rape grown is now falling sharply leading to the need for imports. We suggest that it is imperative for Integrated Pest Management approaches to now become written into new EU and UK policies and to incentivise the development of tools required for implementation and use by farmers.

13 páginas, 5 tablas, 3 figuras.-- This is an open Access article. Non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way, is permitted. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted. ; Skin collagen of six discarded fish species was analyzed and compared. Acid soluble collagen (ASC) was extracted; a characteristic sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) profile for type I collagen was obtained, except for Chimaera mostrosa. Contents of collagen calculated from HPro (31.85% average) were higher than those determined from ASC extracts (17.75% average), with Galeus spp. being the species with the higher percentage. Amino acid analysis revealed the typical composition of collagen, with very few differences among species. Specific profiles were obtained after protease digestion. Denaturation temperature of ASC correlated well with imino and hydroxyproline contents. Results demonstrate the feasibility of using the obtained collagens in different industrial applications ; This work was funded by European Union FEDER POCTEP Project 0330_IBEROMARE_1_P, European Union FEDER Atlantic Area Project MARMED-2011-1/164, Xunta de Galicia Project 10TAL011E, and a contract with the "Cooperativa de Armadores del Puerto de Vigo" and FROM (Ministery of Environment, Rural and Maritime Affairs, Spain) ; Peer reviewed

Oilseed rape (OSR) is the second largest source of vegetable oil globally and the most important biofuel feedstock in the European Union (EU) but production of this important crop is threatened by a small insect; Psylliodes chrysocepaha – the cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB). The EU ban on use of neonicotinoid seed treatments and resistance of CSFB to pyrethroid insecticides have left farmers with limited control options resulting in drastic reductions in production. Integrated pest management (IPM) may offer a solution. We review the lifecycle of CSFB and the current options available, or in the research pipeline, for the eight IPM principles of the EU Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive (Directive-2009/128/EC). A full IPM strategy for CSFB barely exists. Although there are a range of preventative measures these require scientific validation; critically, resistant/tolerant OSR cultivars are not yet available. Existing monitoring methods are time consuming and there are no commercial models to enable decision support based on predictions migration timing or population size. Available thresholds are not based on physiological tolerances of the plant making it hard to adapt them to changing market prices for the crop and costs of control. Non-synthetic alternatives tested and registered for use against CSFB are lacking, making resistance management impossible. CSFB control is therefore dependent upon conservation biocontrol. Natural enemies of CSFB are present, but quantification of their effects is needed and habitat management strategies to exploit their potential. Although some EU countries have local initiatives to reduce insecticide use and encourage use of 'greener' alternatives, there is no formal process for ranking these and little information available to help farmers make choices. We summarise the main knowledge gaps and future research needed to improve measures for CSFB control and to facilitate development of a full IPM strategy for this pest -and sustainable oilseeds production.