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Intro -- RESTORING AMERICAN COMPETITIVENESS AND INNOVATION -- RESTORING AMERICAN COMPETITIVENESS AND INNOVATION -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 THE COMPETITIVENESS AND INNOVATIVE CAPACITY OF THE UNITED STATES* -- FOREWORD -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- RISING TO THE CHALLENGE -- Exceptional Performance -- Alarms -- Alarm 1: Jobs -- Alarm 2: Wages and the Middle Class -- Alarm 3: Manufacturing -- Alarm 4: Innovation -- Alarm 5: Education -- Alarm 6: Infrastructure -- Addressing the Alarms -- References -- KEYS TO INNOVATION, COMPETITIVENESS, AND JOBS -- Concepts and Definitions -- What Made the United States So Successful in the Past? -- Research -- Education -- Infrastructure -- Interconnections -- References -- FEDERAL SUPPORT FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT -- The Economic Justification for the Federal Government's Role in Funding Basic Research -- The Federal Government: A Key Force Driving Major Innovations -- Cracks in the Federal Research Foundation -- Preserving and Extending Federal Support for Science and Industrial R&D in the 21st Century -- Continue to Increase Government Funding for Basic Research -- Sustain Government Funding for Research -- Incentivize and Reward Private Sector R&D Investment with an Enhanced and Extended R&D Tax Credit -- Support Innovative Entrepreneurs -- Speed the Movement of Ideas from Basic Science Labs to Commercial Application -- Unleash a Clean Energy Revolution -- Accelerate Biotechnology, Nanotechnology, and Advanced Manufacturing R&D -- Develop Ways to Measure the Value and Effectiveness of Research Investment -- Appendix 1. Definitions of Relevant Terms -- Appendix 2. The Theoretical Underpinnings for a Federal Role in Research Funding -- REFERENCES -- EDUCATING OUR WORKFORCE -- The STEM Workforce Is Expanding -- STEM Skills in Demand throughout the Economy