Suchergebnisse

Real incomes, consumption, government expenditures and investment for countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) for the period 1971 to 2012 are studied using a recently released source of data. Although growth in real incomes have not been uniform across all countries, for a large majority both income and consumption have been increasing since the beginning of this century. The trends indicate increasing prosperity which could lead to welfare gains if a sustained effort is made to reduce income inequality. The patterns in real investment and government consumption are more heterogeneous across countries. The majority of the South American economies, Panama, Mexico and most Caribbean economies have either maintain or increase real levels of investment. Government expenditures have been more varied; however, there is some evidence that after the global financial crises (2007-2008) a few economies increased real government expenditures when investment shares decreased.JEL Codes: E01; N10; O47. ; Los ingresos reales y sus agregados en América Latina y el Caribe ¿Una historia de Convergencia? ResumenA partir de una base de datos cuyo acceso fue recientemente liberado, se estudian las variables de ingreso real, el consumo, la inversión y gasto del gobierno para los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) en el período 1971-2012. Aunque el crecimiento de los ingresos reales no ha sido uniforme en todos los países, para una gran mayoría tanto los ingresos como el consumo se han incrementado desde el comienzo de este siglo. Las tendencias indican un aumento de la prosperidad que podría conducir a ganancias de bienestar si se realiza un esfuerzo sostenido para reducir la desigualdad de ingresos. Los patrones de inversión real y el consumo público son más heterogéneos. La mayoría de las economías de América del Sur, Panamá, México y la mayoría de las economías del Caribe han mantenido o incrementado los niveles reales de inversión. Los niveles de gasto de gobierno han sido más variados. No obstante hay algunas evidencias de que después de la crisis financiera mundial (2007-2008) algunas economías aumentaron el gasto público real cuando los niveles de inversión disminuyeron.Códigos JEL: E01, N10, O47.

Real incomes, consumption, government expenditures and investment for countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) for the period 1971 to 2012 are studied using a recently released source of data. Although growth in real incomes have not been uniform across all countries, for a large majority both income and consumption have been increasing since the beginning of this century. The trends indicate increasing prosperity which could lead to welfare gains if a sustained effort is made to reduce income inequality. The patterns in real investment and government consumption are more heterogeneous across countries. The majority of the South American economies, Panama, Mexico and most Caribbean economies have either maintain or increase real levels of investment. Government expenditures have been more varied; however, there is some evidence that after the global financial crises (2007-2008) a few economies increased real government expenditures when investment shares decreased.

Real incomes, consumption, government expenditures and investment for countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) for the period 1971 to 2012 are studied using a recently released source of data. Although growth in real incomes have not been uniform across all countries, for a large majority both income and consumption have been increasing since the beginning of this century. The trends indicate increasing prosperity which could lead to welfare gains if a sustained effort is made to reduce income inequality. The patterns in real investment and government consumption are more heterogeneous across countries. The majority of the South American economies, Panama, Mexico and most Caribbean economies have either maintain or increase real levels of investment. Government expenditures have been more varied; however, there is some evidence that after the global financial crises (2007-2008) a few economies increased real government expenditures when investment shares decreased. ; A partir de una base de datos cuyo acceso fue recientemente liberado, se estudian las variables de ingreso real, el consumo, la inversión y gasto del gobierno para los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) en el período 1971-2012. Aunque el crecimiento de los ingresos reales no ha sido uniforme en todos los países, para una gran mayoría tanto los ingresos como el consumo se han incrementado desde el comienzo de este siglo. Las tendencias indican un aumento de la prosperidad que podría conducir a ganancias de bienestar si se realiza un esfuerzo sostenido para reducir la desigualdad de ingresos. Los patrones de inversión real y el consumo público son más heterogéneos. La mayoría de las economías de América del Sur, Panamá, México y la mayoría de las economías del Caribe han mantenido o incrementado los niveles reales de inversión. Los niveles de gasto de gobierno han sido más variados. No obstante hay algunas evidencias de que después de la crisis financiera mundial (2007-2008) algunas economías aumentaron el gasto público real cuando los niveles de inversión disminuyeron.

Real incomes, consumption, government expenditures and investment for countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) for the period 1971 to 2012 are studied using a recently released source of data. Although growth in real incomes have not been uniform across all countries, for a large majority both income and consumption have been increasing since the beginning of this century. The trends indicate increasing prosperity which could lead to welfare gains if a sustained effort is made to reduce income inequality. The patterns in real investment and government consumption are more heterogeneous across countries. The majority of the South American economies, Panama, Mexico and most Caribbean economies have either maintain or increase real levels of investment. Government expenditures have been more varied; however, there is some evidence that after the global financial crises (2007-2008) a few economies increased real government expenditures when investment shares decreased. ; A partir de una base de datos cuyo acceso fue recientemente liberado, se estudian las variables de ingreso real, el consumo, la inversión y gasto del gobierno para los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) en el período 1971-2012. Aunque el crecimiento de los ingresos reales no ha sido uniforme en todos los países, para una gran mayoría tanto los ingresos como el consumo se han incrementado desde el comienzo de este siglo. Las tendencias indican un aumento de la prosperidad que podría conducir a ganancias de bienestar si se realiza un esfuerzo sostenido para reducir la desigualdad de ingresos. Los patrones de inversión real y el consumo público son más heterogéneos. La mayoría de las economías de América del Sur, Panamá, México y la mayoría de las economías del Caribe han mantenido o incrementado los niveles reales de inversión. Los niveles de gasto de gobierno han sido más variados. No obstante hay algunas evidencias de que después de la crisis financiera mundial (2007-2008) algunas economías aumentaron el gasto público real cuando los niveles de inversión disminuyeron.

Part I Productivity Measurement -- 1. Productivity Measurement – Past, Present and Future -- 2. Symmetric Decompositions of Aggregate Output and Labour Productivity Growth: On Levels, (Non-) Additivity, and Misallocation -- 3. Efficiency Analysis with Stochastic Frontier Models using Popular Statistical Softwares -- 4. Efficiency and Productivity Analysis from a System Perspective: Historical Overview -- Part II Income Distributions and Inequality and Insecurity -- 5. Modelling Income Distributions with Limited Data -- 6. Empirical Methods for Modelling Economic Insecurity -- 7. Measuring Inequality in Health -- 8. Inequality of Opportunity:Theoretical Considerations and Recent Empirical Evidence -- Part III Index Numbers and International Comparisons of Prices and Real Expenditures -- 9. Framing Measurement Beyond GDP -- 10. Hedonic Models and House Price Index Numbers -- 11. Scanner Data, Elementary Price Indexes and the Chain Drift Problem -- 12. The Stochastic Approach to International Price Comparisons -- 13. Inconsistencies in Cross-country Price Comparisons Over Time: Patterns and Facts.

For flood-prone urban areas, the prospect of increasing population densities and more frequent extreme weather associated with climate change is alarming. Proactive adaptation can reduce potential flood risks in theory. However, there is limited empirical economics exploring this issue, without which convincing residents within exposed areas to participate in adaptation is challenging. In this paper, a hedonic model is presented of property prices for a flood-prone inner-city suburb of Brisbane, Australia. The study defines a continuous flood-risk variable based on the vertical distances of properties relative to a flood level that occurs on average once every 100 years. The results show significant property-price discounting of 5.5 per cent per metre below the defined flood level. Detailed hedonic characteristics also provided shadow price estimates of housing characteristics and distances to amenities (such as bus-stops, train-stations, parks and bikeways) and these hedonics need to be considered when holistically assessing the dynamics of suburbs for adaptation planning.