Introduction -- The political economy of WB-IMF's influences over development agenda : contextualizing PRSP from a global point of view -- Policy ownership and development agenda : towards an analytical framework -- Development agenda and bretton-woods institutions : a revisit of Bangladesh's engagement -- Whose agenda is it anyway? : Bangladesh's policy ownership in the PRSP regime -- Independence in development agenda and lessons from the PRSP regime : quest for a new model for Bangladesh
In the absence of a direct estimate of migration, indirect methods are used. There are mainly two methods of indirect estimation - the national growth rate method and the residual method. In this paper, the author attempts to separate out natural increase of the migrants from the estimation of the migration rate with special reference to Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna and Rajshahi. (DÜI-Sen)
PurposeInsights into how fan experience can be used to cultivate football (soccer) fan loyalty are limited. Based on the stimulus–organism–response (S-O-R) paradigm, this study develops and tests a theoretical model investigating the effects of football-game socialisation, team interest, football interest and transaction satisfaction (stimuli) on fanship and cumulative satisfaction (organism), and subsequently, attitudinal loyalty and behavioural loyalty (response). National culture was a moderator.Design/methodology/approachA self-administered online survey collected data from a convenience sample of 762 football fans from Brazil, China and Germany.FindingsThe PLS-SEM results support the S-O-R based model, indicating that football fan-loyalty behaviours are determined by fanship and cumulative satisfaction with the team. Fan experiences, in turn, are also found to be influenced by fan perceptions relating to socialisation, team interest, football interest and transaction satisfaction—elements over which the football team's management may exert some degree of control. Some national cultural differences were found, with three of the model's 12 structural paths significantly different for Germany vis-à-vis Brazil.Originality/valueThis study advances the authors' understanding of the significance of socialisation and fan-interest factors for football, providing evidence supporting the role of the fan experience and service-consumption stimuli related to those game experiences as significant drivers (stimuli) of the fan's affective (fanship) and cognitive states (cumulative satisfaction). This study enriches the limited body of evidence on fanship's role as a driver of attitudinal and behavioural loyalty. Finally, the multi-country study partially supports the moderation effect of national culture.
