Suchergebnisse

Rassismus zu verstehen als Gesellschaftsstruktur zur hegemonialen Absicherung des Status Quo lenkt den Blick auf institutionelle Prozesse und Machtverhältnisse, die insofern kein neuer Gegenstand für die kritische Kriminologie sind. Der Beitrag geht daran anknüpfend der Frage nach, wie "rassismuskritisches Forschen" in der Kriminologie realisiert werden kann. Dazu werden grundlegende Überlegungen aus Rassismusforschung, postkolonialen, Schwarz-feministischen sowie intersektionalen Theorien aufgenommen. Insbesondere der Umgang mit Reifizierungs- und Essentialisierungsrisiken wird diskutiert. Dabei wird die Perspektive von Rassismus betroffener Personen in den Mittelpunkt gestellt sowie die Notwendigkeit einer reflexiven Forschungshaltung hervorgehoben. Abschließend werden zentrale Punkte für eine rassismuskritische Forschung abgeleitet.

To improve access to, and use of, facility-based obstetric and newborn care services in rural areas, the Government of Bangladesh is implementing two innovative performance-based financing programs: demand-side financing (DSF) and pay-for-performance (P4P). Both programs have contributed to the increase in institutional deliveries, yet not enough women receive the recommended care during pregnancy and delivery. DSF and P4P are implemented in parallel and have their own merits and limitations. As described in this brief, a two-day workshop was organized in 2011 in Dhaka to identify the lessons learned and limitations of P4P and DSF models and scopes for cross-learning. Both DSF and P4P were found to have the same goal but differ in approaches and outcomes. The main difference is that P4P implements a "quality of care"-based incentive mechanism for maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) care, which has the potential to improve monitoring of health-service delivery in rural areas of Bangladesh. The workshop resulted in several recommendations for modifying DSF and P4P schemes.

Kajian ini berfokus pada bagaimana pemenuhan 30% kota perempuan dalam aktifitas politik bisa terwujud, karena selama ini masih banyak persoalan struktural dan kultural yang membentuk streotip bahwa perempuan merupakan masyarakat kelas 2 (dua) dalam kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia, walaupun sudah terpenuhi kuota 30% pada partai Gerindra, PAN dan Golkar pada pemilihan legislatif pada tahun 2014 di Kabupaten Ponorogo, namun partai politik mengaku jika kader perempuan yang dimiliki banyak yang tidak mau menjadi calon legislatif, akan tetapi partai politik tetap mendaftarkannya supaya lolos persyaratan pemilihan legislatif.

Übermäßige Gewaltanwendungen durch Polizist:innen in Deutschland sind bislang nur in Ansätzen untersucht. Das Buch liefert umfassende wissenschaftliche Befunde zu einschlägigen Situationen und ihrer strafrechtlichen Aufarbeitung. Auf Basis einer Betroffenenbefragung mit über 3.300 Teilnehmenden und über 60 qualitativen Interviews stellen sich die Fälle als komplexe Interaktionsgeschehen dar, bei deren Aufarbeitung eine besondere Definitionsmacht der Polizei sichtbar wird.

Das von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) geförderte Projekt untersucht rechtswidrige polizeiliche Gewaltanwendung aus der Perspektive der Opfer und im Kontext des polizeilichen Bearbeitungsprozesses. Der Zwischenbericht stellt Methodik und erste Ergebnisse der quantitativen Online-Befragung von Betroffenen vor, welche 2018 durchgeführt wurde.

Les procédures contre des fonctionnaires de police pour coups et blessures par un dépositaire de l'autorité publique sont fréquemment classées sans suites pour absence de charges suffisantes et ne font que très rarement l'objet d'un procès. La pratique judiciaire se distingue par un faible taux de condamnation. Partant de ces statistiques officielles du contrôle de la criminalité, le projet de recherche aborde pour la première fois méthodiquement la question sous l'angle des personnes ayant subi ces violences en Allemagne, et étudie les facteurs situationnels et individuels de la victimation comme de son traitement judiciaire. Outre les affaires recensées par la statistique, il s'intéresse avant tout au chiffre noir de ce type d'infraction. Le présent article esquisse l'approche méthodologique de l'étude et analyse la stratégie de recrutement des participant·e·s à l'enquête – au moyen d'un effet boule de neige via des gatekeepers et d'une utilisation intensive des réseaux sociaux. Il examine et évalue les défis méthodologiques posés par le projet de recherche et donne un aperçu des premiers résultats.

To improve access to and use of facility-based obstetric and newborn care, the Government of Bangladesh is implementing two innovative performance-based financing programs, namely demand-side financing (DSF) and pay-for-performance (P4P). With the purpose of identifying the lessons learned, limitations of the P4P and DSF models, and scopes for cross learning, a two-day workshop was organized in Dhaka. This workshop report, prepared by the Population Council, resulted in several recommendations to modify DSF and P4P schemes. In Bangladesh, the need for continuing performance-based financing programs to meet MDGs and other health indicators is beyond argument, but it is urgently required to decide in what capacity the performance-based financing program should continue. The government needs to prepare itself to continue performance-based incentive programs in pursuance of achieving the MDGs of reducing maternal and neonatal mortality.

Sexual and reproductive health education is not yet formally introduced in Bangladesh without which the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo's goal to ensure young people's right to access to such information and services will remain unfulfilled. The Population Council provided technical assistance to a governmental department to pilot youth reproductive health education. Study findings from, the pre- and posttests of 379 matched respondents revealed significant changes in knowledge, attitudes, and life-skills. Knowledge about long-term contraceptives and skills on negotiating safe sex improved significantly by 63% and 26%, respectively. Youths who do not consider menstruation as a disease nearly doubled, and misunderstandings about the mother's role in sex determination of a child were significantly dispelled. Decisions not to accompany friends in visiting sex workers and to use condoms, ignoring friends' disapproval, were increased over 18%. Over 98% of students reported that teachers discussed condoms, while only 12% alleged unfriendly behavior. Findings motivated the department to scale up the reproductive health curriculum.

Das von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) geförderte Projekt untersucht rechtswidrige polizeiliche Gewaltanwendung aus der Perspektive der Opfer und im Kontext des polizeilichen Bearbeitungsprozesses. Im zweiten Zwischenbericht werden sowohl quantitative Daten zu Diskriminierungserfahrungen ausgewertet, die aus einer Online-Befragung von Betroffenen stammen, die von als rechtswidrig wahrgenommener polizeilicher Gewaltanwendung berichteten, als auch qualitative Interviews mit Personen aus Polizei und Zivilgesellschaft, die Rassismus und Diskriminierung thematisierten.

In Bangladesh, maternal health programs are not yet reaching the desired level of facility-based obstetric care service. Most deliveries are conducted by untrained persons at home, demonstrating inequity in access to recommended maternal health care services and underutilization of existing obstetric and newborn care services. Suboptimal performance by providers is a key barrier to improving availability and quality of maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) services. To increase use of facility-based services, an operations research study of "pay-for-performance" (P4P) incentives for providers and subsidization of consumer costs was initiated in 2010. The study, part of the Government of Bangladesh–United Nations MNCH and maternal and newborn health projects, has been included as a human resource innovation project under the operational plan of the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Bangladesh. The Population Council provided technical assistance in implementing the study, with collaboration from James P. Grant School of Public Health of BRAC University. This policy brief describes the implementation of the P4P operations research study and its consequent implications for policymakers.

There are 14 million female adolescents in Bangladesh. Half of them aged 15-19 years are married. A large majority of adolescents are ignorant about sexuality, contraception, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV and AIDS. Attempts to address the needs of the adolescents through the existing health and education systems have so far been inadequate despite relevant policies have been in place. The country is facing the challenge of implementing the policies in an effective manner. This study was carried out to assess the feasibility of providing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) information and services, and to assess its impact on knowledge, attitude and service utilization. A quasi-experimental design with pre-post measurements was used. Interventions included training of teachers, facilitators, and service providers for providing SRH information and services to adolescents in schools, communities, and health facilities respectively. Interventions resulted in a significant increase in the level of SRH knowledge among adolescents compared to the control site. Adolescents who were exposed to the interventions showed more favorable attitudes towards use of health facility for contraceptives services and use of condom by unmarried sexually active adolescents than the non-exposed in the experimental sites. This was also translated into the increased use of health facilities for SRH services.

The Population Council explored the possibilities of introducing a Pay-for-Performance (P4P) scheme in Bangladesh to improve maternal, newborn and child healthcare (MNCH) services. Based on the consultation and with guidance from the Government of Bangladesh, the Population Council and UNICEF provided technical assistance to the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) to test two P4P strategies for MNCH service providers to improve service volume and quality of care, and for poor clients to receive services subsidized through vouchers or coupons. The first strategy is a combination of pay-for-performance for providers and subsidized coupons for poor pregnant women, newborns, and under-five children, while the second strategy employs only the pay-for-performance incentives for the providers. Both strategies performed well relative to the comparison site, however strategy II with incentives for providers alone can be introduced at the low-performing but poorer regions; while the poorest areas with greater geographical draw back will benefit from a combination of a demand plus supply side P4P approach. The report acknowledges that monetary incentives alone are NOT enough to improve the MNCH services and that long-term solutions require putting a stronger system in place.

An operations research project by the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Bangladesh tested the feasibility of a pay-for-performance (P4P) approach, which offered financial incentives to reward service providers for meeting and exceeding specified performance targets for maternal, newborn, and child health services. In response to the encouraging findings, the DGHS implemented a follow-up project, with technical assistance from Population Council and UNICEF, to utilize the experiences and findings of the P4P OR project. Despite it short duration, implementation of the revised P4P scheme induced improvements in service volume and quality of care. These projects contributed toward increasing institutional delivery, requiring less incentive cost compared to that of the DSF program, and enhancing client satisfaction by reducing out-of-pocket expenses. Despite the brief implementation period, contribution of P4P interventions in rapidly raising the level of institutional deliveries creates optimism toward meeting the MDG of reducing maternal and infant mortality.