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As a principle, three organs of a state namely the executive, the legislature and the judiciary are entrusted to perform distinct functions for proper administration of a country. The law enforcing agencies are meant to maintain law and order situation of the country whereas the administration of justice is vested in the judicial system of the country. If any offense is committed by someone, he/she shall be arrested by the law enforcing agencies and prosecuted by the court of law. But in recent times extra-judicial killings by law enforcing agencies deprives an accused form getting the shelter of courts of law. Which violates the basic principle of separation of power. These undue interventions by law enforcing agencies are posing threat to the public confidence in the independent judiciary.

As a principle, three organs of a state namely the executive, the legislature and the judiciary are entrusted to perform distinct functions for proper administration of a country. The law enforcing agencies are meant to maintain law and order situation of the country whereas the administration of justice is vested in the judicial system of the country. If any offense is committed by someone, he/she shall be arrested by the law enforcing agencies and prosecuted by the court of law. But in recent times extra-judicial killings by law enforcing agencies deprives an accused form getting the shelter of courts of law. Which violates the basic principle of separation of power. These undue interventions by law enforcing agencies are posing threat to the public confidence in the independent judiciary.

Abstract. In mountainous areas, damage caused by debris flows is often aggravated by subsequent dam-burst floods within the main river confluence zone. On 30 August 2020, a catastrophic disaster chain occurred at the confluence of the Heixiluo Gully and Niri River in Ganluo County, southwest China, consisting of a debris flow, the formation of a barrier lake, and subsequent dam break that flooded the community. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of the two hazards and the resulting damage to buildings from the cascading hazards. The peak discharge of the debris flow in the gully mouth reached 1871 m3 s−1. Following the dam break, the flood with a peak discharge of 2737 m3 s−1 significantly altered the main river channel, causing a 4-fold increase in flood inundation compared to an ordinary flood. Three hazard zones were established based on the building damage patterns: (I) primary debris flow burial, (II) secondary dam-burst flood inundation, and (III) sequential debris flow burial and dam-burst inundation. Vulnerability curves were developed for Zone (II) and Zone (III) using impact pressures and inundation depths, and a vulnerability assessment chart is presented that contains the three damage categories. This research addresses a gap in the vulnerability assessments of debris flow hazard cascades and can support future disaster mitigation within confluence areas.

River bank erosion is one of the major natural calamities of Bangladesh. The purpose of this study is to assess the socio-economic impacts of riverbank erosion in Mehendiganj Upazila, Barishal district, using quantitative and qualitative approaches. 58% of the respondents reported that the intensity of erosion is extremely high. 80% of the cultivable land of Ulania union has disappeared in the river where this amount is near 50% for the other two unions. Nearly 45% of the respondents have migrated within the last 4 years. Among the migrated people, 94% reported that their social bondage had been broken. The findings of this research indicate that river erosion significantly affects social, economic, psychological, and ethical risks in the local community. The study will provide a comprehensive guideline to the role of local government, non-government organizations and communities to reduce the adverse impact of river erosion.