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This paper examines educational waste in the Punjab Public
Schools. The paper focuses upon three areas: schools' internal
efficiency, school capacity utilisation and student teacher ratio. By
using cohort analysis technique, the paper measures waste in flows of
students in the education cycle. The results show that repetition and
dropout are more prevalent in class I and middle school classes. This
implies that after having studied for five to six years in schools, a
student finds themselves in a blind alley, not knowing where it all
would end up. This also suggests that majority of the schools are
located at large distance from the most of the population of the Punjab
and students have to travel long distance for attending the schools. The
under-utilisation of school capacity is more prevalent in rural area
than that of urban areas and girls schools are more under-utilised than
the boys schools. The under-utilisation is more widespread in boys
schools of urban areas than the girls schools located in same vicinity
and girls school in rural areas are more under-utilised than the boys
schools. The pervasive theme emerged from results is that girls schools
and teachers are mostly under-utilised. This reflects that disadvantage
that girls face in Pakistan which may also cause under-utilisation of
girls schools.

There are three principal reasons for undertaking the present
paper. First, although all the dimensions of diffusion of drug abuse are
still uncertain and the existence and extent of Drug Abuse Networking
(DAN) is certainly not the only factor determining the likelihood of the
spread of drug abuse. Nevertheless, one of the prime modes of its spread
is through DAN. The extent of DAN and the diffusion of drug abuse in
society are closely related to each other [Brook, Nomura and Cohen
(1989, 1989a, 1992); Kornhauser (1978); Elliott, Huizinge and Dunford
(1983); Delemarre (1993)]. Second, the network analysis provides an
important instrumental element to deal with social problems and to
uncover the information for intervention in specific groups of the
community for the well-being of its members [Uehara (1990); Wellman and
Scott (1990); Brook, Nomura, and Cohen (1980); Coombs (1973); Thompson
(1973); Eggert, Thompson, Herting, Nicholas and Dicker (1994); Gould
(1991)]. Last, the issues of DAN's dynamics and its control have
received little attention in literature relevant to Pakistan or
elsewhere. It is also considered important from the policy point of view
to determine the dynamics of DAN in Pakistan on the basis of
experimental research.1 It is hoped that this paper will help in the
attainment of these goals. It addresses the subject from different
perspectives, but the major aim is to help develop and establish
methodologies in the context of Pakistan. Such research may help those
involved in making the policies and in controlling the diffusion of drug
abuse in Pakistan. In recent

The ongoing water conflicts between Afghanistan and Pakistan in the transboundary Kabul River Basin are narrowly focused on quantitative water distributions, which lead to winlose situations. This study proposes a novel idea of using the biodiversity and ecosystem services (BESS) concept to bring together multiple stakeholders across the KRB and transform the water-sharing conflicts. The study redefines the water management problem in the context of a green water economy and evidence of shared environmental benefits. The study found that the BESS provided by the Kabul River are vital for the livelihood of the residents and the natural flow of water is a win-win situation for both Afghanistan and Pakistan. The study recommends designing PES schemes for the sustainability and shared prosperity of the region. A new perspective on transboundary water conflicts in the KRB is needed, one that focuses on shared environmental benefits and the BESS of the river basin. This new perspective could lead to more cooperative and sustainable water management solutions.
1. INTRODUCTION
Biodiversity and the ESS is a complex but significant area, which influences the well-being of humans in diverse ways. The ESS can provide provisioning services as well as regulate services. The literature shows different approaches to the of provisioning ESS (Häyhä, Tiina, & Franzese, 2014). Placing an economic value on nature can be a powerful tool as it makes the invisible benefits identifiable. ESS represent outcomes of a natural system which benefits the people. The significance of water as a natural resource and ecosystem provides a wide range of services and various functions as the use of water for drinking, irrigation, or livestock (Radoslav, 2018).
River water services provide numerous benefits in terms of social and ecological facilities, which benefit the people and contribute to the well-being of the area. Globally, in 150 countries, there are a total of approximately 310 transboundary rivers. Water-related conflicts are not only frequent but are increasing due to the current worsening situation of water globally. Several water treaties are in place between various countries, yet the conflicts emerge frequently (Wang, et al., 2021). The water politics of transboundary rivers are emerging as a compelling research field in social hydrology. Many international basins are governed by multi-level institutions. Besides, the valuation of the benefits of river systems can positively contribute to efficient river-water management and reduce water-related conflicts and problems (Khan & Zhao, 2019). However, this is not the case with managing the Kabul River Basin (KRB).
The KRB between Afghanistan and Pakistan is not governed by an international agreement and boundary problems, that is, the contested Durand Line, affect the relationship (Yousaf, 2017). Water conflicts in the KRB between Afghanistan and Pakistan have intensified since 2000, coupled with security issues due to the ongoing insurgencies in the region. Growing industrialisation, urbanisation, and climate change which affect the continuity of snow-fed rivers, environmental hazards, and the geostrategic importance of the area further exacerbate these disputes. The existing transboundary water mechanisms are state-centric and bilateral, exclude other relevant actors, and emphasise water quantity as the basis for water sharing (Yousaf, 2017). These agreements disregard the broader biodiversity and ecosystem services (BESS) of the river basin and what these services could imply in terms of enhancing human well-being. The BESS of water includes biodiversity, provisioning (e.g., food production), regulating (e.g., climate & water regulation), supporting (e.g., nutrient cycling), and cultural services (recreational, spiritual) (Pavan, Wittmer, & Miller, 2014). The value of global BESS was estimated at $145 trillion in 2011 at a time when global GDP was $73.3 trillion 1 (Robert, et al. 2014). Extrapolating to the river basin between the two countries, one can argue that understanding the value of the BESS in the region could lead to a different problem framing and enable integrative multi-level bargaining leading to winwin solutions. While the BESS values the interdependence of humans and nature, it also offers conceptual and empirical tools to communicate with a wide-ranging audience (Robert, et al. 2014) and reveals the cost of damage, it may lead to the commoditisation or privatisation of such resources (Sullivan, 2013). Therefore, an analysis is required for a better understanding of the water BESS (it may still avoid such commoditisation) to evaluate if a change in the behaviour of relevant and powerful actors can be pursued while addressing socio-relational (dispute resolution, capacity building, and intergenerational equity) and ecological (pollution prevention, and the protection of BESS) goals and, thereby, contribute towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By embracing economic, ecological, and social-relational mechanisms, the BESS concept connects the environmental system with politics and decision-making as well as fosters interdisciplinary science (Schröter, et al). It enables integrated trans-disciplinary approaches to solve such complex issues by building bridges between science and practice (Robert, 2011). The water conflict arising due to transboundary river basins can be analysed using an ecological valuation. Hence, the focus of this study is on estimating the provisioning ecosystem services on Pakistan's side of the KRB. An objective of the study is to develop an understanding of transforming a win-lose situation into a win-win situation for both parties.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to map the research landscape on the topic of waste management in the business and management domain, with a particular emphasis on pro-environmental ethical behaviour. The objective is to evaluate publication performance, identify key stakeholders, investigate major clusters, recognise the evolution of themes and offer a research agenda for the future based on bibliometric reflection.Design/methodology/approachPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis procedure was used to extract and choose a total of 609 publications from the Scopus database from 1985 to 2022. The research then does bibliometric analysis with the open-source R application bibliometrics. The authors used a number of tools and techniques, including a collaboration network, word dynamics, co-occurrence network, thematic map and strategy map.FindingsThe analysis identifies most prolific stakeholders, key clusters and evolving themes in the field. The motor themes, niche themes, basic themes and emerging themes of the field were identified, and future research agenda is proposed based on such identification.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first bibliometric study in the field of waste reduction, providing a comprehensive view of the research landscape by analysing more than 50 years of literature focussing on behavioural aspects. These findings could assist policymakers in identifying waste management/reduction priority regions and developing policy guidelines for a more sustainable waste practise. In addition to providing recommendations and future directions for academic research, this report also includes these elements.

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of social capital on teachers' professional performance. The participants were ten male subject specialists from government higher secondary schools of District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The method of data collection was one-on-one in person through in-depth interview. Teachers' narratives showed that teachers who had stronger social capital performed better their others. Performance of the teachers who showed high level of participation and willingness were those with high social capital. They were more interested in curricular and co-curricular activities that enhanced their professional performance. There is a strong bond of good relationship between teachers and students that was an efficient solution to meet the different needs of a classroom collectively as well as individual students, which impacts positively on students' learning and teachers' performance. There was no contribution from parents for success of the students. Owing to financial constraints, the parents were more inclined to engage their children for earning and part time job. Moreover, lack of awareness, jobless white collars in their surroundings, labouring and earning livelihood far away from home are the reasons that they take negligible interest in contributing to the success of their children.

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of social capital on teachers' professional performance. The participants were ten male subject specialists from government higher secondary schools of District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The method of data collection was one-on-one in person through in-depth interview. Teachers' narratives showed that teachers who had stronger social capital performed better their others. Performance of the teachers who showed high level of participation and willingness were those with high social capital. They were more interested in curricular and co-curricular activities that enhanced their professional performance. There is a strong bond of good relationship between teachers and students that was an efficient solution to meet the different needs of a classroom collectively as well as individual students, which impacts positively on students' learning and teachers' performance. There was no contribution from parents for success of the students. Owing to financial constraints, the parents were more inclined to engage their children for earning and part time job. Moreover, lack of awareness, jobless white collars in their surroundings, labouring and earning livelihood far away from home are the reasons that they take negligible interest in contributing to the success of their children.

School climate indicates three key dimensions of the school i.e. physical, academic and social climate. All three dimensions in the Pakistani school context were focused and examined. The key objectives of the study were to assess the Schools physical, social and academic climate and study its impact on students learning also to recommend remedial measures for improvement of school climate. Schools Principals were the population of the study selected through random sampling technique from Abbottabad, Charsadda, Kohat, Mardan, Nowshera, and Peshawar districts. The data was collected through questionnaires developed on five points Likert scale from the Principals and teachers. A total of 395 Secondary Schools schools were selected. Regression test used for data analysis. The study identified that school climate plays an important role in enhancing their achievement in academics. It proved that the school environment has a direct impact on the learning and teaching process.

PurposeThe study aims to explore and test the relationship between abusive supervision, emotional exhaustion, work–family conflict and divorce intentions among employees in the hospitality industry. Specifically, it investigates how abusive supervision leads to emotional exhaustion, which in turn intensifies work–family conflict and ultimately influences divorce intentions.Design/methodology/approachThe study used a mixed-methods design with an exploratory sequential approach. In the first phase, qualitative interviews with hotel employees explored the effects of abusive supervision on work and family life. Findings from these interviews informed the development of a framework for the second phase, which quantitatively tested the relationships between abusive supervision, emotional exhaustion, work–family conflict and intention to divorce.FindingsOur findings revealed that abusive supervision causes emotional exhaustion, which in turn leads to work–family conflict. However, we did not find any significant link between work–family conflict and the intention to divorce.Originality/valueTo the best of our knowledge, this study is among the first studies to explore the outcomes of abusive supervision using the mixed method approach, specifically the exploratory sequential design, to comprehensively examine the associations among abusive supervision, emotional exhaustion, work–family conflict and marital problems. This research contributes to leadership literature by providing empirical findings on the long-term impacts of abusive supervision.

In the period following the military operation against insurgents in the Swat district during 2009–10, the Pakistani government, with support from international organizations, initiated a comprehensive program aimed at the rehabilitation and reintegration of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). This research study utilizes the Delphi method to gather data through face-to-face interviews with officials involved in the rehabilitation efforts. The analysis revealed a range of challenges, such as security threats, infrastructural deficiencies, bureaucratic complexities, educational system revival, unmet donor commitments, financial constraints, weakened local governance, and communication breakdowns. Despite these obstacles, strategic interventions have ameliorated the IDPs' conditions, including enhanced security, temporary infrastructure, international partnerships, makeshift educational provisions, and a dedicated rehabilitation budget. Nevertheless, the full rehabilitation of IDPs remains an unachieved goal. This article suggests that successfully reintegrating affected communities requires innovative strategies tailored to Pakistan's unique socio-structural context, which could serve as a model for similar situations globally.

Energy sustainability, as well as climate change mitigation, is an immediate challenge facing the world, especially for large developing countries such as China and India. This study analyses the solar photovoltaic (PV) potential of Jiangxi, China, using three dominant technologies including conventional PV, PV/PCM (Phase Change Material), and PV/T-PCM (Thermal-Phase Change Material). We employ a lifecycle assessment by investigating the spatial differences of radiation conversion rates across major cities. Two sets of scenario analyses are also examined: (1) fixed installation capacity; and (2) fixed government investment. Each set has three alternative scenarios to distinguish the power generation potential, investment requirement. The results show that under the "fixed capacity" scenarios, the conventional PV can generate 313 GWh/year, and the PV/T-PCM can yield more than 340 GWh/year. The result would change substantially under the "fixed investment" scenarios, in which the annual solar power from conventional PV is more than 1,736 GWh. The scenario analysis points out that if the total investment rather than total capacity is fixed, the power generation from solar PV systems can be maximized, but the total cost would increase considerably as well. Amortization of the installation costs that would potentially alleviate the firms' fiscal burden is also discussed.