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ABSTRACT**:  This study identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the the new regulatory framework for railways in Spain. We offer a description of the present situation of the railway industry in Spain, following the coming into force of the new Railway Industry Law in January 2005. We also analyse the international experience in light of the principles underlying the liberalization of the railway industry in Europe and, in particular, the cases of the United Kingdom and France. These two models are suitable for our purposes based on these main items: the degree of effective competition, the similarity to the Spanish case, the rail market growth and the geographical location. Our conclusions are that Spain has overcome some mistakes made by the countries mentioned above, like leaving infrastructure investment or security aspects in the hands of the private sector, however others have been committed, such as the excessive influence of the government on the basic actors of the industry or defining a complex system without well defined responsibilities.

An analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of daily precipitation concentration (CI) in Spain was made based on a high‐resolution (5 × 5 km) daily gridded precipitation data set for the 1950–2012 period. For each grid point in the Iberian Peninsula (IP) and Balearic and Canary Islands, the average annual CI was computed, as well as its coefficient of variation and the 5th and 95th percentiles. Annual values were also computed, and the time series of the index were used to assess temporal trends over the whole period. The spatial distribution of the CI showed a strong relationship with the orographic barriers near the coastlines. The Canary Islands showed the highest values of CI, along with the eastern Mediterranean facade of the IP. The highest inter‐annual variations of the CI occurred in the southern IP and in the southern Canary Islands. The trends of CI were, overall, positive and significant, which indicates an increase of daily precipitation concentration over the study period and an increasing environmental risks scenario where erosivity, torrentiality, and floods may become more frequent. ; This study was supported by research projects CGL2015-69985-R and CGL2014-52135 C3-1-R, and financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and EU FEDER-ERDF funds. RSN, MDL, MAS, and LAL were supported by the Government of Aragón through the 'Programme of research groups' (group H38, 'Clima, Agua, Cambio Global y Sistemas Naturales'), as well as SB (group 'E68, Geomorfología y Cambio Global'). The authors would also like to thank the Climatology Group (2014SGR300, Catalan Government), the Convenio de Desempeño UTA-MINEDUC, and the FONDECYT Project 11160059 of the Chilean Government. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)

An analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of daily precipitation concentration (CI) in Spain was made based on a high‐resolution (5 × 5 km) daily gridded precipitation data set for the 1950–2012 period. For each grid point in the Iberian Peninsula (IP) and Balearic and Canary Islands, the average annual CI was computed, as well as its coefficient of variation and the 5th and 95th percentiles. Annual values were also computed, and the time series of the index were used to assess temporal trends over the whole period. The spatial distribution of the CI showed a strong relationship with the orographic barriers near the coastlines. The Canary Islands showed the highest values of CI, along with the eastern Mediterranean facade of the IP. The highest inter‐annual variations of the CI occurred in the southern IP and in the southern Canary Islands. The trends of CI were, overall, positive and significant, which indicates an increase of daily precipitation concentration over the study period and an increasing environmental risks scenario where erosivity, torrentiality, and floods may become more frequent. ; This study was supported by research projects CGL2015-69985-R and CGL2014-52135 C3-1-R, and financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and EU FEDER-ERDF funds. RSN, MDL, MAS, and LAL were supported by the Government of Aragón through the 'Programme of research groups' (group H38, 'Clima, Agua, Cambio Global y Sistemas Naturales'), as well as SB (group 'E68, Geomorfología y Cambio Global'). The authors would also like to thank the Climatology Group (2014SGR300, Catalan Government), the Convenio de Desempeño UTA-MINEDUC, and the FONDECYT Project 11160059 of the Chilean Government. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)

29 pags.- 8 Figs. The definitive version is available at: https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10970088 ; An analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of daily precipitation concentration (CI) in Spain was made based on a high‐resolution (5 × 5 km) daily gridded precipitation data set for the 1950–2012 period. For each grid point in the Iberian Peninsula (IP) and Balearic and Canary Islands, the average annual CI was computed, as well as its coefficient of variation and the 5th and 95th percentiles. Annual values were also computed, and the time series of the index were used to assess temporal trends over the whole period. The spatial distribution of the CI showed a strong relationship with the orographic barriers near the coastlines. The Canary Islands showed the highest values of CI, along with the eastern Mediterranean facade of the IP. The highest inter‐annual variations of the CI occurred in the southern IP and in the southern Canary Islands. The trends of CI were, overall, positive and significant, which indicates an increase of daily precipitation concentration over the study period and an increasing environmental risks scenario where erosivity, torrentiality, and floods may become more frequent. ; This study was supported by research projects CGL2015‐69985‐R and CGL2014‐52135‐C3‐1‐R and financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and EU FEDER‐ERDF funds. R.S.N., M.D.L., M.A.S., and L.A.L. were supported by the Government of Aragón through the 'Programme of research groups' (group H38, 'Clima, Agua, Cambio Global y Sistemas Naturales') as well as SB (group 'E68, Geomorfología y Cambio Global'). The authors would also like to thank the Climatology Group (2014SGR300, Catalan Government), the Convenio de Desempeño UTA‐MINEDUC, and the FONDECYT Project 11160059 of the Chilean Government. ; Peer reviewed