Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- References -- Microeconomic Modelling: Risk Management, Adaptation Measures and Stakeholders' Perception -- 1 Crop Production Functions and Efficiency Models: Climate Change and Water Adaptation Policy Over Competitiveness and Social Disparities of Crop Production in the Mediterranean -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Stochastic Frontier Production Function -- 1.3 Decomposition of the Gini Coefficient -- 1.4 Case Study: Ebro Basin in Spain -- 1.5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 2 Using Ecological Modelling Tools to Inform Policy Makers of Potential Changes in Crop Distribution: An Example with Cacao Crops in Latin America -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Current Use of Species Distribution Models -- 2.3 Species Distribution Models: Maximum Entropy Models -- 2.4 Potential Changes of Cocoa and Coffee Plantation Zones in Latin America -- 2.5 A Word of Caution -- 2.6 Summary -- References -- 3 The Effects of Climate Change on Poverty and Income Distribution: A Case Study for Rural Mexico -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methods -- 3.3 Data -- 3.4 Results -- 3.4.1 Econometric Estimation -- 3.4.2 Simulations -- 3.5 Conclusions and Final Remarks -- References -- 4 The Value of Meteorological Information in Agrarian Producers' Decision Making: Introducing Analytic Decision Models -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Calculating the Value of Information -- 4.2.1 Cost-Loss Ratio Situation Model. Static Case -- 4.2.2 Cost-Loss Ratio Situation Model. Dynamic Case -- 4.3 Conclusions and Discussion -- References -- 5 Participatory Process: Approaches for Assessing Farmer Behavior Towards Adopting Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Approaches Assessing Farmer Choices at Individual or Farm Scale -- 5.2.1 Data Collection Methods -- 5.2.2 Data Analysis Methods -- 5.2.3 Limitations.

Abstract. This paper examines the effects of climate change and drought on agricultural incomes in Spanish rural areas. Present research has focused on the effects of these extreme climatological events through response functions, considering effects on crop productivity and average incomes. Among the impacts of droughts, we focused on potential effects on income distribution. The study of the effects on abnormally dry periods is therefore needed in order to perform an analysis of diverse social aspects in the long term. We estimate crop production functions for a range of Mediterranean crops in Spain and we use a measure of the decomposition of inequality to estimate the impact of climate change and drought on yield disparities. Certain adaptation measures may require a better understanding of risks by the public to achieve general acceptance. We provide empirical estimations for the marginal effects of the two impacts considered: farms' average income and income distribution. Our estimates consider crop production response to both biophysical and socio-economic aspects to analyse long-term implications on competitiveness and disparities. As for the results, we find disparities in the adaptation priorities depending on the crop and the region analysed.

[EN] This study provides monetary estimates of the impacts of climate change in European agriculture. Future scenarios are derived from several socio-economic scenarios and experiments conducted using global climate models and regional climate models. The economic valuation is conducted by using GTAP general equilibrium model across simulations based on crop productivity changes that consider no restrictions in the volume of water available for irrigation in current irrigated areas or in the application of nitrogen fertilizer. Thus the results should be considered optimistic from the production point and pessimistic from the environmental point of view. Regional differences between northern and southern European countries are found and the monetary estimates show that uncertainty derived from socio-economic scenarios has a larger effect than uncertainty derived from climate scenarios. ; [ES] Este estudio proporciona estimaciones económicas de los efectos del cambio climático en la agricultura Europea. Los escenarios futuros incorporan proyecciones de cambios socio-económicos y variables climáticas derivadas de modelos de clima global y regional. La valoración económica utiliza el modelo de equilibrio general GTAP, donde las simulaciones se basan en cambios en la productividad de los cultivos sin considerar restricciones en el volumen de agua de riego en las zonas actuales de regadío ni de fertilizantes. Así, los resultados se pueden considerar optimistas desde el punto de vista productivo pero pesimistas desde el punto de vista medio ambiental. Se observan diferencias regionales significativas entre el norte y sur de Europa y las estimaciones económicas muestran que la incertidumbre asociada a los escenarios socio-económicos es mayor que la asociada a los escenarios climáticos. ; Los autores agradecen la financiación del proyecto del European Union Joint Rese-arch Centre «Projection of economic impacts of climate change in sectors of Europe based on bottom-upanálisis» (PESETA). Lot 4: Agricultura. Contract ...

Adapting agriculture to climate change requires an understanding of both natural impacts and the underlying vulnerability of socio-economic systems. Food production systems, essential to socio-economic activity throughout the world, are beginning to face the challenge of anthropogenic climate change in addition to the challenge of population growth and changing consumer patterns. Uncertainty surrounding climate change impacts, however, poses a serious challenge to agricultural adaptation. Additionally, since the effects of climate change will vary globally, changes in crop productivity will also differ from region to region. Thus, regional adaptive capacity must be considered locally in order to capture underlying socio-economic vulnerability. Our combined analysis of changes in crop productivity and adaptive capacity specifically highlights the seriousness of climate-change-related risks in Africa and South-East Asia. Conversely it is noted that some regions stand to make gains from the anticipated changes in climate.

[EN] In the face of likely climate change impacts policy makers at different spatial scales need access to assessment tools that enable informed policy instruments to be designed. Recent scientific advances have facilitated the development of improved climate projections, but it remains to be seen whether these are translated into effective adaptation strategies. This paper uses existing databases on climate impacts on European agriculture and combines them with an assessment of adaptive capacity to develop an interdisciplinary approach for prioritising policies. It proposes a method for identifying relevant policies for different EU countries that are representative of various agroclimatic zones. Our analysis presents a framework for integrating current knowledge of future climate impacts with an understanding of the underlying socio-economic, agricultural and environmental traits that determine a region's capacity for adapting to climate change. ; [ES] A la hora de afrontar los potenciales impactos del cambio climático, las administraciones encargadas de la toma de decisiones a cualquier escala territorial deben disponer de herramientas de evaluación que permitan el diseño de políticas relevantes. Los últimos avances científicos han permitido el desarrollo de mejores proyecciones climáticas, pero aún está por ver si éstas se acaban traduciendo en estrategias de adaptación efectivas. En el presente trabajo se utilizan bases de datos existentes sobre impactos climáticos en la agricultura europea y se combinan con una evaluación de la capacidad de adaptación para desarrollar un enfoque interdisciplinar para la priorización de políticas. Asimismo, se propone una metodología para la identificación de políticas relevantes para diferentes países de la Unión Europea representativos de distintas zonas agroclimáticas. Nuestro análisis presenta un marco que permite hacer uso de los conocimientos actuales acerca de los futuros impactos del cambio climático teniendo en consideración los factores socio-económicos, ...

In the face of likely climate change impacts policy makers at different spatial scales need access to assessment tools that enable informed policy instruments to be designed. Recent scientific advances have facilitated the development of improved climate projections, but it remains to be seen whether these are translated into effective adaptation strategies. This paper uses existing databases on climate impacts on European agriculture and combines them with an assessment of adaptive capacity to develop an interdisciplinary approach for prioritising policies. It proposes a method for identifying relevant policies for different EU countries that are representative of various agroclimatic zones. Our analysis presents a framework for integrating current knowledge of future climate impacts with an understanding of the underlying socio-economic, agricultural and environmental traits that determine a region's capacity for adapting to climate change. ; A la hora de afrontar los potenciales impactos del cambio climático, las administraciones encargadas de la toma de decisiones a cualquier escala territorial deben disponer de herramientas de evaluación que permitan el diseño de políticas relevantes. Los últimos avances científicos han permitido el desarrollo de mejores proyecciones climáticas, pero aún está por ver si éstas se acaban traduciendo en estrategias de adaptación efectivas. En el presente trabajo se utilizan bases de datos existentes sobre impactos climáticos en la agricultura europea y se combinan con una evaluación de la capacidad de adaptación para desarrollar un enfoque interdisciplinar para la priorización de políticas. Asimismo, se propone una metodología para la identificación de políticas relevantes para diferentes países de la Unión Europea representativos de distintas zonas agroclimáticas. Nuestro análisis presenta un marco que permite hacer uso de los conocimientos actuales acerca de los futuros impactos del cambio climático teniendo en consideración los factores socio-económicos, agrícolas, y medioambientales subyacentes que determinan la capacidad de una región de adaptarse al cambio climático.

The ecological network Natura 2000 is one element of the common European Union policy regarding biodiversity protection. National implementation of Natura 2000 differs across the European Union. Ecologically valuable forest ecosystems are often within private lands. The aim of this paper is to assess the implementation of the compensation mechanism developed through adapted management of private forests by using the Natura 2000 payments' measure of the European rural development programmes for the financing period 2007–2014. The econometric Heckman selection model was used to assess the drivers influencing the implementation of the payments measure. Data sources include European and national statistics and expert knowledge. The results show that the countries with the highest proportion of forest cover in Natura 2000 protected areas are the least paid for compensation, and the implementation apparently does not follow the needs of private forests (assuming from the share of private forests in the country). The state of progress in designating Natura 2000 sites can be an important driver for increasing the probability of Natura 2000 payments for those countries accessing the European Union after 1995. Other evidence includes that national economic development is not observed to be significant in explaining the implementation of Natura 2000 payments. The drivers affecting the implementation of Natura 2000 payments are more focused on increasing the competitiveness of the forest sector than supporting environmental sustainability.

The ecological network Natura 2000 is one element of the common European Union policy regarding biodiversity protection. National implementation of Natura 2000 differs across the European Union. Ecologically valuable forest ecosystems are often within private lands. The aim of this paper is to assess the implementation of the compensation mechanism developed through adapted management of private forests by using the Natura 2000 payments' measure of the European rural development programmes for the financing period 2007–2014. The econometric Heckman selection model was used to assess the drivers influencing the implementation of the payments measure. Data sources include European and national statistics and expert knowledge. The results show that the countries with the highest proportion of forest cover in Natura 2000 protected areas are the least paid for compensation, and the implementation apparently does not follow the needs of private forests (assuming from the share of private forests in the country). The state of progress in designating Natura 2000 sites can be an important driver for increasing the probability of Natura 2000 payments for those countries accessing the European Union after 1995. Other evidence includes that national economic development is not observed to be significant in explaining the implementation of Natura 2000 payments. The drivers affecting the implementation of Natura 2000 payments are more focused on increasing the competitiveness of the forest sector than supporting environmental sustainability.

The role of Natura 2000 network is to ensure the long-term survival of Europe's most valuable and threatened species and habitats. Ecologically valuable forest ecosystems are often owned or managed by private forest owners. Natura 2000 benefits communities by enhancing tourism, regional brands and marketing. In private forests, however, its restrictions imposed on land owners cause financial losses in comparison to the usual forest management. The paper compares the level at which the compensation mechanism within the European Rural Development Programmes (RDP) for the period 2007–2013 was implemented in seven European Union countries - Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania and Slovakia. The research focuses on compensation and restrictions within Measure 224 - Natura 2000 Payments - imposed on forest owners in Natura 2000 sites. To obtain the data, a non-reactive research method was applied using a content analysis of the existing documentation. The data sources include European and national statistics and expert knowledge based on common terms of reference. The results show that due to substantial gaps in the implementation of Measure 224 across the EU, there are significant differences in compensation and restrictions for private forest owners in individual countries of the European Union (EU). As opposed to the initial expectations of the measure, the financial support reached less than a third of the forest holdings and less than half of the forest land. The member states (MSs) which implemented the measure spent 92% of their original budget on average. Moreover, rural development funds for private forest owners are very limited and the implementation of Measure 224 says nothing about the success of Natura 2000 with regard to biodiversity targets in private forests. One approach to financing Natura 2000 network is a comprehensive use of all existing EU funds, another would be to propose own Natura 2000 fund.

The role of Natura 2000 network is to ensure the long-term survival of Europe's most valuable and threatened species and habitats. Ecologically valuable forest ecosystems are often owned or managed by private forest owners. Natura 2000 benefits communities by enhancing tourism, regional brands and marketing. In private forests, however, its restrictions imposed on land owners cause financial losses in comparison to the usual forest management. The paper compares the level at which the compensation mechanism within the European Rural Development Programmes (RDP) for the period 2007–2013 was implemented in seven European Union countries - Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania and Slovakia. The research focuses on compensation and restrictions within Measure 224 - Natura 2000 Payments - imposed on forest owners in Natura 2000 sites. To obtain the data, a non-reactive research method was applied using a content analysis of the existing documentation. The data sources include European and national statistics and expert knowledge based on common terms of reference. The results show that due to substantial gaps in the implementation of Measure 224 across the EU, there are significant differences in compensation and restrictions for private forest owners in individual countries of the European Union (EU). As opposed to the initial expectations of the measure, the financial support reached less than a third of the forest holdings and less than half of the forest land. The member states (MSs) which implemented the measure spent 92% of their original budget on average. Moreover, rural development funds for private forest owners are very limited and the implementation of Measure 224 says nothing about the success of Natura 2000 with regard to biodiversity targets in private forests. One approach to financing Natura 2000 network is a comprehensive use of all existing EU funds, another would be to propose own Natura 2000 fund.

The role of Natura 2000 network is to ensure the long-term survival of Europe's most valuable and threatened species and habitats. Ecologically valuable forest ecosystems are often owned or managed by private forest owners. Natura 2000 benefits communities by enhancing tourism, regional brands and marketing. In private forests, however, its restrictions imposed on land owners cause financial losses in comparison to the usual forest management. The paper compares the level at which the compensation mechanism within the European Rural Development Programmes (RDP) for the period 2007–2013 was implemented in seven European Union countries - Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania and Slovakia. The research focuses on compensation and restrictions within Measure 224 - Natura 2000 Payments - imposed on forest owners in Natura 2000 sites. To obtain the data, a non-reactive research method was applied using a content analysis of the existing documentation. The data sources include European and national statistics and expert knowledge based on common terms of reference. The results show that due to substantial gaps in the implementation of Measure 224 across the EU, there are significant differences in compensation and restrictions for private forest owners in individual countries of the European Union (EU). As opposed to the initial expectations of the measure, the financial support reached less than a third of the forest holdings and less than half of the forest land. The member states (MSs) which implemented the measure spent 92% of their original budget on average. Moreover, rural development funds for private forest owners are very limited and the implementation of Measure 224 says nothing about the success of Natura 2000 with regard to biodiversity targets in private forests. One approach to financing Natura 2000 network is a comprehensive use of all existing EU funds, another would be to propose own Natura 2000 fund.