Suchergebnisse

Intestinal symbionts live in insects' digestive systems and help with food digestion, nitrogen cycling, and energy use. Numerous symbionts, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, colonize the posterior gut of termites. Intestinal microbiota affects the Toll or Imd pathways during viral or entomopathogenic fungus infection in mosquitoes, but the role of intestinal symbionts in individual termite immunity is unclear. In the present research, Odontotermes formosanus and Metarhizium robertsii were selected to investigate the potential mechanism of the intestinal bacteria influencing termite innate immune while encountering an entomopathogen using metagenome sequencing and meta-transcriptome sequencing. We found that termite mortality declined within 48 hours under high spore infections and reached semi-lethal status within 72 hours. We sequenced the control and infestation termite and found that the dominant phyla changed below low-abundance flora during infestation. According to function annotation, the functions of spirochetes are significantly different from those of the rest of the phyla, which are mainly enriched in metabolism and cellular processes. There are 261 upregulated and 459 down-regulated DEGs derived from bacteria after infestation. We identified the glutamate-cysteine ligase gene, gshA, which is significantly upregulated in the infected group, and the GSH content in the regular infected group was higher than the 5% kanamycin-infected group. We speculated on a potential mechanism that one or more bacteria belonging to Spirochetes that upregulated gshA gene expression and increased GSH content in the hindgut to integrate with metarhizium toxins and then excrete out of the intestine.

The complete genome of Cordyceps militaris was sequenced using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology at a coverage over 300×. The genome size was 32.57 Mb, and 14 contigs ranging from 0.35 to 4.58 Mb with an N50 of 2.86 Mb were assembled, including 4 contigs with telomeric sequences on both ends and an additional 8 contigs with telomeric sequences on either the 5′ or 3′ end. A methylome database of the genome was constructed using SMRT and m4C and m6A methylated nucleotides, and many unknown modification types were identified. The major m6A methylation motif is GA and GGAG, and the major m4C methylation motif is GC or CG/GC. In the C. militaris genome DNA, there were four types of methylated nucleotides that we confirmed using high-resolution LCMS-IT-TOF. Using PacBio Iso-Seq, a total of 31,133 complete cDNA sequences were obtained in the fruiting body. The conserved domains of the nontranscribed regions of the genome include TATA boxes, which are the initial regions of genome replication. There were 406 structural variants between the HN and CM01 strains, and there were 1,114 structural variants between the HN and ATCC strains.

Prestellar cores are self-gravitating dense and cold structures within molecular clouds where future stars are born. They are expected, at the stage of transitioning to the protostellar phase, to harbor centrally concentrated dense (sub)structures that will seed the formation of a new star or the binary/multiple stellar systems. Characterizing this critical stage of evolution is key to our understanding of star formation. In this work, we report the detection of high-density (sub)structures on the thousand-astronomical-unit (au) scale in a sample of dense prestellar cores. Through our recent ALMA observations toward the Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps, we have found five extremely dense prestellar cores, which have centrally concentrated regions of similar to 2000 au in size, and several 10(7) cm(-3) in average density. Masses of these centrally dense regions are in the range of 0.30 to 6.89 M. For the first time, our higher resolution observations (0.8 '' similar to 320 au) further reveal that one of the cores shows clear signatures of fragmentation; such individual substructures/fragments have sizes of 800-1700 au, masses of 0.08 to 0.84 M, densities of 2 - 8 x 10(7) cm(-3), and separations of similar to 1200 au. The substructures are massive enough (greater than or similar to 0.1 M) to form young stellar objects and are likely examples of the earliest stage of stellar embryos that can lead to widely (similar to 1200 au) separated multiple systems. ; Ministry of Science and Technology, China 108-2112-M-001-048- 108-2112-M-001-052- international partnership program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 114231KYSB20200009 National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 12073061 Shanghai Pujiang Program 20PJ1415500 ANID AFB 170002 AFB-170002 National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) U1631237 NRC Canada Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Spanish Government AYA2017-88754-P State Agency for Research of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the "Unit of Excellence Maria de Maeztu 2020-2023" award CEX2019-000918-M Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Ministry of Education, Science and Technology NRF-2019R1A2C1010851 National Science Foundation (NSF) AST-1715876 National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 11911530226 11725313 11873086 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) 20H05645 Yunnan Province of China 2017HC018 Chinese Academy of Sciences MoST 108-2112-M-001-017 MoST 109-2112-M-001-023 ; Versión publicada - versión final del editor