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Although many state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have been converted to limited liability companies or joint stock companies either wholly state-owned or in mixed state-private ownership form, many problems still exist. One of the reasons is that state shares & legal person shares which account for more than 50 percent in a corporatised enterprise are not tradable on the stock exchange without the government's permission. This article discusses this & other issues concerning state-owned corporatised enterprises from the angle of SOE reform history & the relationship with the Chinese government at different reform stages. Attention is focused on the state assets management system & the roles of state assets representatives, as well as on some policy issues behind the piecemeal reforms. References. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractLimited language experience in childhood is common among deaf individuals, which prior research has shown to lead to low levels of language processing. Although basic structures such as word order have been found to be resilient to conditions of sparse language input in early life, whether they are robust to conditions of extreme language delay is unknown. The sentence comprehension strategies of post‐childhood, first‐language (L1) learners of American Sign Language (ASL) with at least 9 years of language experience were investigated, in comparison to two control groups of learners with full access to language from birth (deaf native signers and hearing L2 learners who were native English speakers). The results of a sentence‐to‐picture matching experiment show that event knowledge overrides word order for post‐childhood L1 learners, regardless of the animacy of the subject, while both deaf native signers and hearing L2 signers consistently rely on word order to comprehend sentences. Language inaccessibility throughout early childhood impedes the acquisition of even basic word order. Similar to the strategies used by very young children prior to the development of basic sentence structure, post‐childhood L1 learners rely more on context and event knowledge to comprehend sentences. Language experience during childhood is critical to the development of basic sentence structure.

AbstractThe improvement of phaeozem quality in Northeast China is crucial to China's food security. This study incorporated government, leading enterprises and farmers into an evolutionary game model to explore the ideal state among the government, leading enterprises and farmers with the improvement of the phaeozem quality in Northeast China, thereby contributing to food security. The study includes the government, leading enterprises and farmers in an evolutionary game model to explore game relationship and evolution paths of decision‐making among the three stakeholders, and obtains the conditions for the three parties to evolve to the ideal state by analysing and combining with the actual data. The evolutionary process of the decision‐making behaviour of the three stakeholders to an ideal state is affected by many factors, and the value ranges of the different factors have different impacts on the convergence speed of the three stakeholders to an ideal state; when certain conditions are met, the decision‐making behaviours of the three stakeholders can evolve to an ideal state, which aims to provide beneficial suggestions for the government to supervise the quality of phaeozem, leading enterprises to control green agricultural products and farmers to apply organic fertilizer.

The construction of a "double qualified-teacher" teacher team in higher education institutions is the key to improving the quality of talent cultivation, and the research on the structure and mechanism of double qualified-teacher quality and ability is of great value to the deepening of theory and practical application. This study empirically explores the connotation structure and influence mechanism of double qualified-teacher quality and competence by adopting the Modified Formal Delphi Method and Structural Equation Modeling. Through expert interviews and SPSS data analysis, a diamond model of the connotative structure of "double qualified-teacher" teacher quality and competence is proposed, including four dimensions of professional knowledge, professional ethics, teaching and practice ability, and educational philosophy, with 32 subdivided items. The structural equation modeling method was used to study the key factors affecting double qualified-teacher quality and competence formation. The principle of interaction between the factors and the results showed that the teacher's "motivation to participate" as an intrinsic factor is important for the effectiveness of training methods and the improvement of double-qualified teacher quality and competence. The results show that teachers' motivation to participate, as an intrinsic factor, has a significant positive effect on both "effectiveness of training methods" and "enhancement of double qualified-teacher competence," while "effectiveness of training methods," as an extrinsic factor, has a significant positive effect on "enhancement of double qualified-teacher competence." From the perspective of explicit variables, improving the teachers' teaching ability and the students' progress have the greatest influence on the motivation to participate, and theory and practice training and professional competition have a more pronounced influence on the training effect.

PurposeIn the workplace, forgiveness can increase positive interactions between the victim and offender in the aftermath of a conflict. As an important intrapersonal factor in an organization, a victim's power motives may shape one's forgiveness. However, previous research shows inconsistent results because it only considers explicit power motives while ignoring the possible contingent role of implicit power motives in influencing forgiveness. This paper aims to consider both implicit and explicit power motives and aims to examine their joint effect on interpersonal forgiveness in the workplace conflict.Design/methodology/approachPolynomial regressions with response surface analysis were conducted with 415 Amazon Mechanical Turk users. Implicit power motives were measured by using a modified picture story exercise technique, whereas explicit power motives were measured via self-response scales.FindingsFirst, congruence in power motives was associated with higher empathy and forgiveness than incongruence. In addition, high-implicit/high explicit power motives led to higher level of empathy and forgiveness than low-implicit/low-explicit power motives. Furthermore, directional power motive incongruence had an additive effect on forgiveness, such that discrepantly low-implicit/high-explicit power motives were more detrimental to empathy and forgiveness than discrepantly high-implicit/low-explicit power motives. Finally, empathy underlies the combined effect of implicit and explicit power motives on forgiveness.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that in a workplace conflict, managers should consider an employee's explicit and implicit motives. To build the harmony group work climate, managers can improve intrapersonal implicit–explicit power motive congruence by providing developmental support and training focusing on self-enhancement and self-affirmation with the low-explicit-powerful employees. Further, to promote forgiveness in a conflict, organizations can use empathy-based exercise and provide team building activities to increase employees' empathy and perspective-taking toward others.Originality/valueBy integrating implicit–explicit framework, this paper conciliates previous studies investigating the relationship between power and forgiveness by proposing that the two types of power motives, implicit and explicit power motives, jointly influences a victim's forgiving tendency. This study serves as a meaningful touchstone for future research to consider both implicit and explicit power motives into the organizational conflict framework.

Yu Pan,1,2,* Wenpeng Cai,1,* Qi Cheng,3,* Wei Dong,1 Ting An,4 Jin Yan1 1Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 2Department of Psychology, Peoples Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 3Department of Child and Adolescent Behavioral Medicine, The 102 Hospital of PLA, Changzhou, 4Department of Internal Medicine, The PLA Second Artillery Force General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Epidemiological studies have repeatedly investigated the association between anxiety and hypertension. However, the results have been inconsistent. This study aimed to summarize the current evidence from cross-sectional and prospective studies that evaluated this association. Methods: Seven common databases were searched for articles published up to November 2014. Cross-sectional and prospective studies that reported an association between the two conditions in adults were included. Data on prevalence, incidence, unadjusted or adjusted odds ratios or hazard ratios, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted or calculated by the authors. The pooled odds ratio was calculated separately for cross-sectional and prospective studies using random-effects models. The Q test and I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. A funnel plot and modified Egger linear regression test were used to estimate publication bias. Results: The search yielded 13 cross-sectional studies (n=151,389), and the final pooled odds ratio was 1.18 (95% CI 1.02–1.37; PQ<0.001; I2=84.9%). Eight prospective studies with a total sample size of 80,146 and 2,394 hypertension case subjects, and the pooled adjusted hazard ratio was 1.55 (95% CI 1.24–1.94; PQ<0.001; I2=84.6%). The meta-regression showed that location, diagnostic criteria for anxiety, age, sex, sample size, year of publication, quality, and years of follow-up (for prospective study) were not sources of heterogeneity. Conclusion: Our results suggest that there is an association between anxiety and increased risk of hypertension. These results support early detection and management of anxiety in hypertensive patients. Keywords: human, epidemiological association, anxiety disorder, hypertension, meta-analysis