Suchergebnisse

Dedication -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Abbreviations -- Part I: Wetlands Introductory -- 1: An Introduction to Wetland Science and South Asian Wetlands -- 1.1 Waterbody and Wetland -- 1.2 Scientific Definitions of Wetlands Focusing on Its Transitional Character -- 1.2.1 Wetland Attributes in US Fish and Wildlife Service Definitions -- 1.2.1.1 Wetland Hydrology -- 1.2.1.2 Soil -- 1.2.1.3 Hydrophytes -- 1.2.2 Other Scientific Definitions -- 1.3 Wetlands in the World: Area, Distribution and Types -- 1.4 Wetlands in South Asia (Excluding India): Area, Distribution and Types -- 1.5 Wetlands in India -- 1.6 Threats to Wetlands and Wetland Losses -- 1.7 Wetland Conservation -- 1.8 Ramsar Convention: A Global Effort for Wetland Conservation -- 1.8.1 Salient Points on Working Machinery of Ramsar Convention (WWF 1995) -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Wetlands of Small Island Nations in South Asia vis-à-vis the Mainland and Island Groups in India: Status and Conservation Strategies -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Wetland Ecosystems and Associated Biodiversity -- 2.2.1 Status of Wetlands in Small Island Developing States: An Overview -- 2.2.2 Wetlands of India and the Small Island Nations in South Asia -- 2.2.2.1 Sri Lanka -- 2.2.2.2 The Maldives -- 2.2.2.3 India -- 2.2.2.3.1 Mainland India -- 2.2.2.3.2 Island Groups in India -- Andaman and Nicobar Groups of Islands -- Lakshadweep Islands -- 2.2.3 Wetland Biodiversity of the Small Island Nations in South Asia -- 2.2.3.1 Sri Lanka -- 2.2.3.2 The Maldives -- 2.2.3.3 Island Groups in India -- 2.2.3.3.1 Andaman and Nicobar Islands -- Flora -- Fauna -- Parks and Sanctuaries -- 2.2.3.3.2 The Lakshadweep Islands -- Marine Diversity -- Seaweeds and Seagrasses -- Mangroves -- Corals -- Mollusca -- Sponges -- Marine Turtles -- Birds

ME/CFS is a chronic, complex, multisystem disease that often limits the health and functioning of the affected patients. Diagnosing patients with ME/CFS is a challenge, and many different case definitions exist and are used in clinical practice and research. Even after diagnosis, medical treatment is very challenging. Symptom relief and coping may affect how patients live with their disease and their quality of life. There is no consensus on which diagnostic criteria should be used and which treatment strategies can be recommended for patients. The purpose of the current project was to map the landscape of the Euromene countries in respect of national guidelines and recommendations for case definition, diagnosis and clinical approaches for ME/CFS patients. A 23 items questionnaire was sent out by email to the members of Euromene. The form contained questions on existing guidelines for case definitions, treatment/management of the disease, tests and questionnaires applied, and the prioritization of information for data sampling in research. We obtained information from 17 countries. Five countries reported having national guidelines for diagnosis, and five countries reported having guidelines for clinical approaches. For diagnostic purposes, the Fukuda criteria were most often recommended, and also the Canadian Consensus criteria, the International Consensus Criteria and the Oxford criteria were used. A mix of diagnostic criteria was applied within those countries having no guidelines. Many different questionnaires and tests were used for symptom registration and diagnostic investigation. For symptom relief, pain and anti-depressive medication were most often recommended. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Graded Exercise treatment were often recommended as disease management and rehabilitative/palliative strategies. The lack of consistency in recommendations across European countries urges the development of regulations, guidance and standards. The results of this study will contribute to the harmonization of ...