Suchergebnisse

The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to assess the probable impact of ionizing radiation on the public health and the environment (including fauna and flora) in the vicinity of nuclear power engineering objects (in case of the Maišiagala near-surface radioactive waste repository – by evaluating the possible impact on the human health, while in case of the Ignalina NPP cooling basin, Lake Drūkšiai – by evaluating the possible impact on the freshwater ecosystem biota) by applying probabilistic methods as well as to determine whether this activity after assessment of its character and impact on the environment meets the standards valid in the Republic of Lithuania or in the European Union and is permissible at a selected site at present or in the future. In the work two main programs, RESRAD-OFFSITE and ERICA, using scattering of site-specific parameter values and probabilistic (correlation, regressive, sensitivity, etc.) analysis, have been applied. It has been determined that in the environment of the Maišiagala repository after installation of additional protective barriers the annual effective human exposure dose is significantly lower as compared to the limited dose and 95th percentile dose not exceed the exposure of 1 mSv per year regulated in the hygiene standards. The exposure dose rate of standardized organisms of Lake Drūkšiai, the Ignalina NPP cooler, freshwater ecosystem biota due to the INPP discharges and waterway radionuclide migration from a hypothetic Stabatiškės radioactive waste disposal facility shows that the exposure dose rate due to the impact of anthropogenic origin radionuclides does not exceed the regulated dose rate level of 10 μGy/hour proposed in the European Union. Taking into consideration the chemical and thermal contamination, Lake Drūkšiai can be used for further development of nuclear power engineering.

The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to assess the probable impact of ionizing radiation on the public health and the environment (including fauna and flora) in the vicinity of nuclear power engineering objects (in case of the Maišiagala near-surface radioactive waste repository – by evaluating the possible impact on the human health, while in case of the Ignalina NPP cooling basin, Lake Drūkšiai – by evaluating the possible impact on the freshwater ecosystem biota) by applying probabilistic methods as well as to determine whether this activity after assessment of its character and impact on the environment meets the standards valid in the Republic of Lithuania or in the European Union and is permissible at a selected site at present or in the future. In the work two main programs, RESRAD-OFFSITE and ERICA, using scattering of site-specific parameter values and probabilistic (correlation, regressive, sensitivity, etc.) analysis, have been applied. It has been determined that in the environment of the Maišiagala repository after installation of additional protective barriers the annual effective human exposure dose is significantly lower as compared to the limited dose and 95th percentile dose not exceed the exposure of 1 mSv per year regulated in the hygiene standards. The exposure dose rate of standardized organisms of Lake Drūkšiai, the Ignalina NPP cooler, freshwater ecosystem biota due to the INPP discharges and waterway radionuclide migration from a hypothetic Stabatiškės radioactive waste disposal facility shows that the exposure dose rate due to the impact of anthropogenic origin radionuclides does not exceed the regulated dose rate level of 10 μGy/hour proposed in the European Union. Taking into consideration the chemical and thermal contamination, Lake Drūkšiai can be used for further development of nuclear power engineering.

The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to assess the probable impact of ionizing radiation on the public health and the environment (including fauna and flora) in the vicinity of nuclear power engineering objects (in case of the Maišiagala near-surface radioactive waste repository – by evaluating the possible impact on the human health, while in case of the Ignalina NPP cooling basin, Lake Drūkšiai – by evaluating the possible impact on the freshwater ecosystem biota) by applying probabilistic methods as well as to determine whether this activity after assessment of its character and impact on the environment meets the standards valid in the Republic of Lithuania or in the European Union and is permissible at a selected site at present or in the future. In the work two main programs, RESRAD-OFFSITE and ERICA, using scattering of site-specific parameter values and probabilistic (correlation, regressive, sensitivity, etc.) analysis, have been applied. It has been determined that in the environment of the Maišiagala repository after installation of additional protective barriers the annual effective human exposure dose is significantly lower as compared to the limited dose and 95th percentile dose not exceed the exposure of 1 mSv per year regulated in the hygiene standards. The exposure dose rate of standardized organisms of Lake Drūkšiai, the Ignalina NPP cooler, freshwater ecosystem biota due to the INPP discharges and waterway radionuclide migration from a hypothetic Stabatiškės radioactive waste disposal facility shows that the exposure dose rate due to the impact of anthropogenic origin radionuclides does not exceed the regulated dose rate level of 10 μGy/hour proposed in the European Union. Taking into consideration the chemical and thermal contamination, Lake Drūkšiai can be used for further development of nuclear power engineering.

The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to assess the probable impact of ionizing radiation on the public health and the environment (including fauna and flora) in the vicinity of nuclear power engineering objects (in case of the Maišiagala near-surface radioactive waste repository – by evaluating the possible impact on the human health, while in case of the Ignalina NPP cooling basin, Lake Drūkšiai – by evaluating the possible impact on the freshwater ecosystem biota) by applying probabilistic methods as well as to determine whether this activity after assessment of its character and impact on the environment meets the standards valid in the Republic of Lithuania or in the European Union and is permissible at a selected site at present or in the future. In the work two main programs, RESRAD-OFFSITE and ERICA, using scattering of site-specific parameter values and probabilistic (correlation, regressive, sensitivity, etc.) analysis, have been applied. It has been determined that in the environment of the Maišiagala repository after installation of additional protective barriers the annual effective human exposure dose is significantly lower as compared to the limited dose and 95th percentile dose not exceed the exposure of 1 mSv per year regulated in the hygiene standards. The exposure dose rate of standardized organisms of Lake Drūkšiai, the Ignalina NPP cooler, freshwater ecosystem biota due to the INPP discharges and waterway radionuclide migration from a hypothetic Stabatiškės radioactive waste disposal facility shows that the exposure dose rate due to the impact of anthropogenic origin radionuclides does not exceed the regulated dose rate level of 10 μGy/hour proposed in the European Union. Taking into consideration the chemical and thermal contamination, Lake Drūkšiai can be used for further development of nuclear power engineering.

The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to assess the probable impact of ionizing radiation on the public health and the environment (including fauna and flora) in the vicinity of nuclear power engineering objects (in case of the Maišiagala near-surface radioactive waste repository – by evaluating the possible impact on the human health, while in case of the Ignalina NPP cooling basin, Lake Drūkšiai – by evaluating the possible impact on the freshwater ecosystem biota) by applying probabilistic methods as well as to determine whether this activity after assessment of its character and impact on the environment meets the standards valid in the Republic of Lithuania or in the European Union and is permissible at a selected site at present or in the future. In the work two main programs, RESRAD-OFFSITE and ERICA, using scattering of site-specific parameter values and probabilistic (correlation, regressive, sensitivity, etc.) analysis, have been applied. It has been determined that in the environment of the Maišiagala repository after installation of additional protective barriers the annual effective human exposure dose is significantly lower as compared to the limited dose and 95th percentile dose not exceed the exposure of 1 mSv per year regulated in the hygiene standards. The exposure dose rate of standardized organisms of Lake Drūkšiai, the Ignalina NPP cooler, freshwater ecosystem biota due to the INPP discharges and waterway radionuclide migration from a hypothetic Stabatiškės radioactive waste disposal facility shows that the exposure dose rate due to the impact of anthropogenic origin radionuclides does not exceed the regulated dose rate level of 10 μGy/hour proposed in the European Union. Taking into consideration the chemical and thermal contamination, Lake Drūkšiai can be used for further development of nuclear power engineering.

The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to assess the probable impact of ionizing radiation on the public health and the environment (including fauna and flora) in the vicinity of nuclear power engineering objects (in case of the Maišiagala near-surface radioactive waste repository – by evaluating the possible impact on the human health, while in case of the Ignalina NPP cooling basin, Lake Drūkšiai – by evaluating the possible impact on the freshwater ecosystem biota) by applying probabilistic methods as well as to determine whether this activity after assessment of its character and impact on the environment meets the standards valid in the Republic of Lithuania or in the European Union and is permissible at a selected site at present or in the future. In the work two main programs, RESRAD-OFFSITE and ERICA, using scattering of site-specific parameter values and probabilistic (correlation, regressive, sensitivity, etc.) analysis, have been applied. It has been determined that in the environment of the Maišiagala repository after installation of additional protective barriers the annual effective human exposure dose is significantly lower as compared to the limited dose and 95th percentile dose not exceed the exposure of 1 mSv per year regulated in the hygiene standards. The exposure dose rate of standardized organisms of Lake Drūkšiai, the Ignalina NPP cooler, freshwater ecosystem biota due to the INPP discharges and waterway radionuclide migration from a hypothetic Stabatiškės radioactive waste disposal facility shows that the exposure dose rate due to the impact of anthropogenic origin radionuclides does not exceed the regulated dose rate level of 10 μGy/hour proposed in the European Union. Taking into consideration the chemical and thermal contamination, Lake Drūkšiai can be used for further development of nuclear power engineering.

The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to assess the probable impact of ionizing radiation on the public health and the environment (including fauna and flora) in the vicinity of nuclear power engineering objects (in case of the Maišiagala near-surface radioactive waste repository – by evaluating the possible impact on the human health, while in case of the Ignalina NPP cooling basin, Lake Drūkšiai – by evaluating the possible impact on the freshwater ecosystem biota) by applying probabilistic methods as well as to determine whether this activity after assessment of its character and impact on the environment meets the standards valid in the Republic of Lithuania or in the European Union and is permissible at a selected site at present or in the future. In the work two main programs, RESRAD-OFFSITE and ERICA, using scattering of site-specific parameter values and probabilistic (correlation, regressive, sensitivity, etc.) analysis, have been applied. It has been determined that in the environment of the Maišiagala repository after installation of additional protective barriers the annual effective human exposure dose is significantly lower as compared to the limited dose and 95th percentile dose not exceed the exposure of 1 mSv per year regulated in the hygiene standards. The exposure dose rate of standardized organisms of Lake Drūkšiai, the Ignalina NPP cooler, freshwater ecosystem biota due to the INPP discharges and waterway radionuclide migration from a hypothetic Stabatiškės radioactive waste disposal facility shows that the exposure dose rate due to the impact of anthropogenic origin radionuclides does not exceed the regulated dose rate level of 10 μGy/hour proposed in the European Union. Taking into consideration the chemical and thermal contamination, Lake Drūkšiai can be used for further development of nuclear power engineering.

The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to assess the probable impact of ionizing radiation on the public health and the environment (including fauna and flora) in the vicinity of nuclear power engineering objects (in case of the Maišiagala near-surface radioactive waste repository – by evaluating the possible impact on the human health, while in case of the Ignalina NPP cooling basin, Lake Drūkšiai – by evaluating the possible impact on the freshwater ecosystem biota) by applying probabilistic methods as well as to determine whether this activity after assessment of its character and impact on the environment meets the standards valid in the Republic of Lithuania or in the European Union and is permissible at a selected site at present or in the future. In the work two main programs, RESRAD-OFFSITE and ERICA, using scattering of site-specific parameter values and probabilistic (correlation, regressive, sensitivity, etc.) analysis, have been applied. It has been determined that in the environment of the Maišiagala repository after installation of additional protective barriers the annual effective human exposure dose is significantly lower as compared to the limited dose and 95th percentile dose not exceed the exposure of 1 mSv per year regulated in the hygiene standards. The exposure dose rate of standardized organisms of Lake Drūkšiai, the Ignalina NPP cooler, freshwater ecosystem biota due to the INPP discharges and waterway radionuclide migration from a hypothetic Stabatiškės radioactive waste disposal facility shows that the exposure dose rate due to the impact of anthropogenic origin radionuclides does not exceed the regulated dose rate level of 10 μGy/hour proposed in the European Union. Taking into consideration the chemical and thermal contamination, Lake Drūkšiai can be used for further development of nuclear power engineering.

External, internal and total exposure dose rates received by freshwater biota reference organisms of Ignalina NPP cooling basin Lake Drūkšiai were evaluated by applying ERICA computer code and probabilistic methods. These investigations were based on measurements of radionuclide activity in bottom sediments and water of Lake Drūkšiai (mean values, standard deviations, minimal and maximal values), and ecotoxicologic investigation data published during 1989–2003. The dose rate distributions for every investigated radionuclide and reference organism (average, minimum and maximum dose rate values, 5 and 95 order percentiles) were estimated. In the case of technogenic radionuclides originating from Ignalina NPP, the total dose rate values for Lake Drūkšiai reference organisms do not exceed the maximum permissible dose rate of 10 µGy h−1, which is currently recommended for technogenic radionuclides in the European Union. Due to the ionising radiation of natural radionuclides, the exposure dose rate of reference organisms is much larger if compared with technogenic ones. The largest exposure dose rate caused by 238U amounts to 7.2 µGy h−1 for insect larvae, and 41.8× µGy h−1 — for vascular plants. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Drūkšių ežero hidrobiontų (testinių organizmų) apšvitos dozės galia (µGy h−1), kuriai vertinti taikant tikimybinius metodus, naudota įteisinta Europos Sąjungoje ERICA kompiuterinė programa. Skaičiavimams naudoti radionuklidų aktyvumo koncentracijų Drūkšių ežero dugno nuosėdose ir vandenyje 1989–2003 m. matavimų duomenys (vidutinės reikšmės, standartiniai nuokrypiai, mažiausios ir didžiausios reikšmės). Taikant tikimybinius metodus (Monte Karlo modeliavimą) kiekvienam testiniam organizmui ir radionuklidui įvertintas dozės galios pasiskirstymas, vidutinė, mažiausia ir didžiausia apšvitos vertės bei 5 ir 95 eilių procentilės. Nustatyta, kad technogeninių radionuklidų atveju Drukšių ežero testinių organizmų apšvitos bendrosios dozės galios vertės (95% pasikliautinumo dydis) yra mažesnės užiuo metu technogeniniams radionuklidams Europos Sąjungoje rekomenduojamas didžiausias galimas 10 µGy h−1dozės galios vertes. Testinių organizmuogon; apšvitos dozės galia dėl gamtinių radionuklidų poveikio yra kur kas didesnė nei dėl technogeninių. Pažymėtina, kad gamtinių radionuklidų atveju didžiausia apšvitos dozės galia yra nulemta238U, pavyzdžiui, vabzdžių lervoms apšvita siekia 7,20×100µGy h−1, induotiesiems vandens augalams −4,18×10+1µGy h−1. Резюме С помощъю компьютерной программы ERICA и использованием вероятностных методов исследована мощность дозы облучения гидробионтов в озере Друкшяй. Для расчетов использованы измерения концентрации активности радионуклидов в воде и донных отложениях озера Друкшяй (среднее значение и стандартное отклонение; минимальные и максимальные значения) путём анализа литературных данных за 1989–2003 гг. С использованиемвероятностных методов (метод Monte Carlo) подсчитаны распределения мощности дозы от каждого заданногорадионуклида со средним, минимальным и максимальным значениями, рассчитаны 5й и 95й перцентили.Установлено, что в случае техногенных радионуклидов суммарная мощность дозы облучения гидробионтов (запределами 95го перцентиля) не превышает максимальной нормы облучения в 10 µGy h−1, которая рекомендованаЕвропейским Союзом как максимально возможная в случае техногенных радионуклидов. Мощность дозы облучения референтных видов организмов от природных радионуклидов значительно выше, чем от техногенных.Максимальная мощность дозы облучения в случае природных радионуклидов вызвана238U, например, 7,20×10µGy h−1для личинок насекомых, 4,18×10+1µGy h−1для водных сосудистых растений Reikšminiai žodžiai:gėlavandenė ekosistema,testiniai organizmai,apšvitos dozės galia,tikimybiniai metodai Ключевые слова:пресноводная экосистема,гидробионты,мощность дозы облучения,вероятностные методы

External, internal and total exposure dose rates received by freshwater biota reference organisms of Ignalina NPP cooling basin Lake Drūkšiai were evaluated by applying ERICA computer code and probabilistic methods. These investigations were based on measurements of radionuclide activity in bottom sediments and water of Lake Drūkšiai (mean values, standard deviations, minimal and maximal values), and ecotoxicologic investigation data published during 1989–2003. The dose rate distributions for every investigated radionuclide and reference organism (average, minimum and maximum dose rate values, 5 and 95 order percentiles) were estimated. In the case of technogenic radionuclides originating from Ignalina NPP, the total dose rate values for Lake Drūkšiai reference organisms do not exceed the maximum permissible dose rate of 10 µGy h−1, which is currently recommended for technogenic radionuclides in the European Union. Due to the ionising radiation of natural radionuclides, the exposure dose rate of reference organisms is much larger if compared with technogenic ones. The largest exposure dose rate caused by 238U amounts to 7.2 µGy h−1 for insect larvae, and 41.8× µGy h−1 — for vascular plants. Article in English. Drūkšių ežero biotos testinių organizmų apšvitos vertinimas taikant tikimybinius metodus Santrauka.Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Drūkšių ežero hidrobiontų (testinių organizmų) apšvitos dozės galia (µGy h−1), kuriai vertinti taikant tikimybinius metodus, naudota įteisinta Europos Sąjungoje ERICA kompiuterinė programa. Skaičiavimams naudoti radionuklidų aktyvumo koncentracijų Drūkšių ežero dugno nuosėdose ir vandenyje 1989–2003 m. matavimų duomenys (vidutinės reikšmės, standartiniai nuokrypiai, mažiausios ir didžiausios reikšmės). Taikant tikimybinius metodus (Monte Karlo modeliavimą) kiekvienam testiniam organizmui ir radionuklidui įvertintas dozės galios pasiskirstymas, vidutinė, mažiausia ir didžiausia apšvitos vertės bei 5 ir 95 eilių procentilės. Nustatyta, kad technogeninių radionuklidų atveju Drukšių ežero testinių organizmų apšvitos bendrosios dozės galios vertės (95% pasikliautinumo dydis) yra mažesnės užiuo metu technogeniniams radionuklidams Europos Sąjungoje rekomenduojamas didžiausias galimas 10 µGy h−1dozės galios vertes. Testinių organizmuogon; apšvitos dozės galia dėl gamtinių radionuklidų poveikio yra kur kas didesnė nei dėl technogeninių. Pažymėtina, kad gamtinių radionuklidų atveju didžiausia apšvitos dozės galia yra nulemta238U, pavyzdžiui, vabzdžių lervoms apšvita siekia 7,20×100µGy h−1, induotiesiems vandens augalams −4,18×10+1µGy h−1. Reikšminiai žodžiai:gėlavandenė ekosistema,testiniai organizmai,apšvitos dozės galia,tikimybiniai metodai Определение мощности дозы облучения референтных видов организмов озера Друкшяй с использованием вероятностных методов Резюме. С помощъю компьютерной программы ERICA и использованием вероятностных методов исследована мощность дозы облучения гидробионтов в озере Друкшяй. Для расчетов использованы измерения концентрации активности радионуклидов в воде и донных отложениях озера Друкшяй (среднее значение и стандартное отклонение; минимальные и максимальные значения) путём анализа литературных данных за 1989–2003 гг. С использованиемвероятностных методов (метод Monte Carlo) подсчитаны распределения мощности дозы от каждого заданногорадионуклида со средним, минимальным и максимальным значениями, рассчитаны 5й и 95й перцентили.Установлено, что в случае техногенных радионуклидов суммарная мощность дозы облучения гидробионтов (запределами 95го перцентиля) не превышает максимальной нормы облучения в 10 µGy h−1, которая рекомендованаЕвропейским Союзом как максимально возможная в случае техногенных радионуклидов. Мощность дозы облучения референтных видов организмов от природных радионуклидов значительно выше, чем от техногенных.Максимальная мощность дозы облучения в случае природных радионуклидов вызвана238U, например, 7,20×10µGy h−1для личинок насекомых, 4,18×10+1µGy h−1для водных сосудистых растений Ключевые слова:пресноводная экосистема,гидробионты,мощность дозы облучения,вероятностные методы

Tobacco has long been known to be one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality in the adults, but the effects on the foetus and young children, which are lifelong, have been less well appreciated. Developing from this are electronic nicotine delivery systems or vapes, promulgated as being less harmful than tobacco. Nicotine itself is toxic to the foetus, with permanent effects on lung structure and function. Most vapes contain nicotine, but they also contain many other compounds which are inhaled and for which there are no toxicity studies. They also contain known toxic substances, whose use is banned by European Union legislation. Accelerating numbers of young people are vaping, and this does not reflect an exchange of vapes for cigarettes. The acute toxicity of e-cigarettes is greater than that of tobacco, and includes acute lung injury, pulmonary haemorrhage and eosinophilic and lipoid pneumonia. Given the worse acute toxicity, it should be impossible to be complacent about medium and long term effects of vaping. Laboratory studies have demonstrated changes in lung proteomics and the innate immune system with vaping, some but not all of which overlap with tobacco. It would be wrong to consider vapes as a weaker form of tobacco, they have their own toxicity. Children and young people are being targeted by the vaping industry (which is largely the same as the tobacco industry), including on-line, and unless an efficient legislative program is put in place, a whole new generation of nicotine addicts will result.

Tobacco has long been known to be one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality in the adults, but the effects on the foetus and young children, which are lifelong, have been less well appreciated. Developing from this are electronic nicotine delivery systems or vapes, promulgated as being less harmful than tobacco. Nicotine itself is toxic to the foetus, with permanent effects on lung structure and function. Most vapes contain nicotine, but they also contain many other compounds which are inhaled and for which there are no toxicity studies. They also contain known toxic substances, whose use is banned by European Union legislation. Accelerating numbers of young people are vaping, and this does not reflect an exchange of vapes for cigarettes. The acute toxicity of e-cigarettes is greater than that of tobacco, and includes acute lung injury, pulmonary haemorrhage and eosinophilic and lipoid pneumonia. Given the worse acute toxicity, it should be impossible to be complacent about medium and long term effects of vaping. Laboratory studies have demonstrated changes in lung proteomics and the innate immune system with vaping, some but not all of which overlap with tobacco. It would be wrong to consider vapes as a weaker form of tobacco, they have their own toxicity. Children and young people are being targeted by the vaping industry (which is largely the same as the tobacco industry), including on-line, and unless an efficient legislative program is put in place, a whole new generation of nicotine addicts will result.

Tobacco has long been known to be one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality in the adults, but the effects on the foetus and young children, which are lifelong, have been less well appreciated. Developing from this are electronic nicotine delivery systems or vapes, promulgated as being less harmful than tobacco. Nicotine itself is toxic to the foetus, with permanent effects on lung structure and function. Most vapes contain nicotine, but they also contain many other compounds which are inhaled and for which there are no toxicity studies. They also contain known toxic substances, whose use is banned by European Union legislation. Accelerating numbers of young people are vaping, and this does not reflect an exchange of vapes for cigarettes. The acute toxicity of e-cigarettes is greater than that of tobacco, and includes acute lung injury, pulmonary haemorrhage and eosinophilic and lipoid pneumonia. Given the worse acute toxicity, it should be impossible to be complacent about medium and long term effects of vaping. Laboratory studies have demonstrated changes in lung proteomics and the innate immune system with vaping, some but not all of which overlap with tobacco. It would be wrong to consider vapes as a weaker form of tobacco, they have their own toxicity. Children and young people are being targeted by the vaping industry (which is largely the same as the tobacco industry), including on-line, and unless an efficient legislative program is put in place, a whole new generation of nicotine addicts will result.

Tobacco has long been known to be one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality in the adults, but the effects on the foetus and young children, which are lifelong, have been less well appreciated. Developing from this are electronic nicotine delivery systems or vapes, promulgated as being less harmful than tobacco. Nicotine itself is toxic to the foetus, with permanent effects on lung structure and function. Most vapes contain nicotine, but they also contain many other compounds which are inhaled and for which there are no toxicity studies. They also contain known toxic substances, whose use is banned by European Union legislation. Accelerating numbers of young people are vaping, and this does not reflect an exchange of vapes for cigarettes. The acute toxicity of e-cigarettes is greater than that of tobacco, and includes acute lung injury, pulmonary haemorrhage and eosinophilic and lipoid pneumonia. Given the worse acute toxicity, it should be impossible to be complacent about medium and long term effects of vaping. Laboratory studies have demonstrated changes in lung proteomics and the innate immune system with vaping, some but not all of which overlap with tobacco. It would be wrong to consider vapes as a weaker form of tobacco, they have their own toxicity. Children and young people are being targeted by the vaping industry (which is largely the same as the tobacco industry), including on-line, and unless an efficient legislative program is put in place, a whole new generation of nicotine addicts will result.

Tobacco has long been known to be one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality in the adults, but the effects on the foetus and young children, which are lifelong, have been less well appreciated. Developing from this are electronic nicotine delivery systems or vapes, promulgated as being less harmful than tobacco. Nicotine itself is toxic to the foetus, with permanent effects on lung structure and function. Most vapes contain nicotine, but they also contain many other compounds which are inhaled and for which there are no toxicity studies. They also contain known toxic substances, whose use is banned by European Union legislation. Accelerating numbers of young people are vaping, and this does not reflect an exchange of vapes for cigarettes. The acute toxicity of e-cigarettes is greater than that of tobacco, and includes acute lung injury, pulmonary haemorrhage and eosinophilic and lipoid pneumonia. Given the worse acute toxicity, it should be impossible to be complacent about medium and long term effects of vaping. Laboratory studies have demonstrated changes in lung proteomics and the innate immune system with vaping, some but not all of which overlap with tobacco. It would be wrong to consider vapes as a weaker form of tobacco, they have their own toxicity. Children and young people are being targeted by the vaping industry (which is largely the same as the tobacco industry), including on-line, and unless an efficient legislative program is put in place, a whole new generation of nicotine addicts will result.