Suchergebnisse

The assignment of the responsibility for different taxing powers is one of the most important problems in the theory and practice of fiscal federalism. The literature provides us with a set of general guidelines for the "tax assignment problem". One conclusion is that "tax exporting" could create perverse signals for fiscal choice. In this paper the tax exporting problem is analyzed with simple models. The case of a tax passed through a referendum (Consulta Popular) in an argentinean tourist Municipality is studied. In a numerical exercise, using the fiscal data of the Municipality, the size of the public expenditures is calculated under different rules of fiscal decision. Then, an empirical analysis of the results of the voting and its determinants is carried out. The paper concludes with some comments, in order to improve the mechanisms of referendum related to fiscal decisions at the municipal level. ; Departamento de Economía

This paper investigates, empirically, the voters' choices as a mechanism of control of the municipal governments in Argentina. In particular, the paper explores the question of whether voters choose to support the political party in office based on its fiscal performance while in office. After a learning period, citizens vote considering the fiscal performance. The smaller the jurisdiction, the more sensitive the citizens. Voters, in evaluating fiscal performance to take voting decisions, consider the performance in the recent past. Municipal elections are not a mere rehearsal of national or provincial elections. We conclude that we can trust in fiscal decentralization and voting. Perhaps, it is a better option than fiscal centralization. ; Facultad de Ciencias Económicas

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Whiteness, Middle-Class Identity, and Media -- 2. Democratic Decay in Brazil -- 3. Status Panic and the Middle-Class Revolt -- 4. Domestic Workers and Whiteness in the Telenovela Cheias de Charme -- 5. Affirmative Action and White Backlash in the Newsmagazine Veja -- Epilogue -- Notes -- References -- Index.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction to R -- 1.1 Installing R -- 1.2 Installing RStudio -- 1.3 Introduction to RStudio -- 1.3.1 Launching a New Project -- 1.3.2 Opening an R Script -- 1.4 Packages to Install -- 1.4.1 How to Install a Package -- 1.4.2 How to Load a Package -- 1.5 Good Practice and Notation -- 1.5.1 How to Read the Code -- 1.6 8 Key-Points Regarding R -- 1.6.1 The Assignment Operator -- 1.6.2 The Class of Objects -- 1.6.3 Case Sensitiveness -- 1.6.4 The c() Function -- 1.6.5 Square Bracket Operator [ ] -- 1.6.6 Loop and Vectorization -- 1.6.7 Functions -- 1.6.8 Errors -- 1.6.8.1 Syntax Errors -- 1.6.8.2 class() Type Errors -- 1.6.8.3 Warning Message -- 1.6.8.4 No-Error Message Error -- 1.7 An Example with R -- 1.8 Exercise -- 1.8.1 Exercise 1 -- 1.8.2 Exercise 2 -- Part I Introduction to Mathematics for Static Economics -- 2 Linear Algebra -- 2.1 Set, Group, Ring, Field: Short Overview -- 2.2 Vectors -- 2.2.1 Vector Space -- 2.2.1.1 Properties of Vector Space -- 2.2.1.2 Vector Notation -- 2.2.2 Vector Representation in Two and Three Dimensions -- 2.2.3 Inner Product -- 2.2.4 Outer Product -- 2.2.5 Component Form, Magnitude and Unit Vector -- 2.2.6 Parallel and Orthogonal Vectors -- 2.2.7 Vector Projection -- 2.2.8 Linear Independence -- 2.3 Matrices -- 2.3.1 Matrix Operations -- 2.3.1.1 Addition -- 2.3.1.2 Multiplication -- 2.3.1.3 Transpose -- 2.3.2 Symmetric Matrix -- 2.3.3 Diagonal Matrix and Identity Matrix -- 2.3.3.1 Trace of a Square Matrix -- 2.3.4 Triangular Matrix -- 2.3.5 Idempotent Matrix -- 2.3.6 The Inverse of a Matrix -- 2.3.7 System of Linear Equations -- 2.3.7.1 System of Linear Equations and Matrices -- 2.3.7.2 Gauss Elimination and Gauss-Jordan Elimination -- 2.3.7.3 The Rank of a Matrix -- 2.3.8 Determinant -- 2.3.8.1 The Determinant of a 2 2 Matrix.

This book provides a practical introduction to mathematics for economics using R software. Using R as a basis, this book guides the reader through foundational topics in linear algebra, calculus, and optimization. The book is organized in order of increasing difficulty, beginning with a rudimentary introduction to R and progressing through exercises that require the reader to code their own functions in R. All chapters include applications for topics in economics and econometrics. As fully reproducible book, this volume gives readers the opportunity to learn by doing and develop research skills as they go. As such, it is appropriate for students in economics and econometrics.