Suchergebnisse

Mortality and life expectancy in post-communist countries : what are the lessons for other countries? / Vladimir Popov -- A theory of why potentially favourable political and economic changes may lead to mortality crises / Giovanni Andrea Cornia -- Mortality crises in high-income countries : evidence from the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Greece / Roberto De Vogli -- The mortality crisis of the former Soviet bloc countries, 1989-2014 / Giovanni Andrea Cornia -- Mortality crisis in Russia revisited : evidence from a cross-regional comparison / Vladimir Popov -- The path of economic development and health status : evidence from China / Yue Teng and Luca Bortolotti -- Policy reform from the early 1990s and changes in health status in India : 1991-2016 / C.P. Chandrasekhar and Jayati Ghosh.

Most of the time the budget constraints in the socialist economies were harder than in developing countries and no less hard than in developed countries. The soft budget constraints (SBC) in socialist economies were not pervasive, as most authors believe, but selective, i.e. involved subsidization of some enterprises/industries at the expense of the other. This type of selective subsidization is a classic case of industrial policy: it may be good or bad, leading to success (China, Vietnam) or failure (USSR, Eastern Europe), but cannot be regarded as an intrinsic feature of the socialist centrally planned economy and an example of pervasive SBC. Pervasive SBC should be associated with permanent government budget deficit, debt accumulation, high inflation and other forms of macroeconomic populism. In the Soviet Union in the post-war period (after the monetary reform of 1947 and until the Gorbachev financial and monetary expansion that started in 1987) budget deficit and debt were very low, open and hidden inflation was less than several percent a year - a better record than in most Western countries. But in the 1990s in Russia, other former Soviet republics and most East European countries budget constraints were weakened dramatically and inflation increased to hundreds and thousands percent a year. SBC is just one type of this populist macroeconomic policy that was rare in socialist countries, but is found in abundance in many developing countries (especially Latin America and Sub-Sahara Africa) and transition economies (especially FSU states).

The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Russia / Peter Rutland. - S. 2-5 Financial Indicators. - S. 5-9 World Commodity Prices. - S. 9-12 The Financial Crisis as Perceived by the Russian Population (Late September 2008). - S. 12-15 After 10 Years of Growth, the Russian Economy May Be Losing Steam / Vladimir Popov . - S. 15-18 Economic and Social Indicators. - S. 18

China is in the process of overtaking the US as the world's largest economy, and a few other East and South Asian countries are steadily increasing their presence in global markets. The authors of this book agree that the contours of a "different" economic and political order are emerging as the West is effectively struggling to hold on to its global pre-eminence. Meanwhile, the torch is slowly (albeit uncertainly) passing to a new generation of international players. Some version of a new multilateral order is emerging; an order that is both different from the previous one, but also marked by multiple and significant continuities. This book identifies possible factors responsible for the recent rise of many developing countries. It examines how robust these trends actually are and speculatively predicts the implications and consequences that may result from a continuation of these trends. It also suggests possible scenarios of future development. Ultimately, it argues that the rise of 'the Rest' would not only imply geopolitical shifts, but could lead to the proliferation of the new growth models in the Global South and to profound changes in international economic relations.

The paper is proposing a mini-review on the capability of the new complex concentrated alloys (CCAs) to substitute or reduce the use of critical raw materials in applications for extreme conditions. Aspects regarding the regulations and expectations formulated by the European Union in the most recent reports on the critical raw materials were presented concisely. A general evaluation was performed on the CCAs concept and the research directions. The advantages of using critical metals for particular applications were presented to acknowledge the difficulty in the substitution of such elements with other materials. In order to establish the level of involvement of CCAs in the reduction of critical metal in extreme environment applications, a presentation was made of the previous achievements in the field and the potential for the reduction of critical metal content through the use of multi-component compositions.